动词不定式的用法(2)

学人智库 时间:2018-02-08 我要投稿
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不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。如:

  I am very glad to hear it.

  The question is difficult to answer.

  “too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式”作状语。如:

  He is too old to do that.

  另外,句子中有enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语。例如:

  The room is big enough to hold us.

  6)作表语。如:

  My job is to help the patient.

  7)作独立成分。如:

  To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.

  8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。如:

  He didn’t know what to say. (宾语)

  How to solve the problem is very important. (主语)

  注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如:

  Why not have a rest ?

  9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式,多数情况下是容易判断的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以下几点:

  ①不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如:

  Have you got a key to unlock the door ?

  (A key unlocks the door. )

  ②不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。

  I have got a letter to write. (I write letter. )

  He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room. )

  I know what to do. (I do what. )

  但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式:I know what is to be done.

  这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。

  ③不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如:

  He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)

  The book is difficult to understand. (to understand the book)

  ④在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。

  There is a lot of work to do. (Somebody has to do the work. )

  There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )

  请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的:

  There is nothing to do. (无事可做,感到十分乏味。)

  There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。)

  2.不定式的时态

  1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生。例如:

  I saw him go out.

  2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式。例如:

  He pretended to be reading a book when she went in.

  3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式。例如:

  I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

  3.不定式的语态

  当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。如:

  He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.

  It is possible for our hopes to be realized.

  4.不定式符号to的保留问题

  有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现下列动词后:expect,prefer,care,mean,forget,want,wish,hope,try以及be glad/happy等后。

  如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,这些词要保留。如:

  —Are you on holidays ?

  —No, but I’d like to be.

  —I didn’t tell him the news.

  —Oh, you ought to have.

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