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动词不定式的用法(2)
不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。如:I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
“too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式”作状语。如:
He is too old to do that.
另外,句子中有enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语。例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表语。如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作独立成分。如:
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。如:
He didn’t know what to say. (宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important. (主语)
注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如:
Why not have a rest ?
9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式,多数情况下是容易判断的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以下几点:
①不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如:
Have you got a key to unlock the door ?
(A key unlocks the door. )
②不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。
I have got a letter to write. (I write letter. )
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room. )
I know what to do. (I do what. )
但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式:I know what is to be done.
这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如:
He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)
The book is difficult to understand. (to understand the book)
④在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。
There is a lot of work to do. (Somebody has to do the work. )
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的:
There is nothing to do. (无事可做,感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。)
2.不定式的时态
1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生。例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式。例如:
He pretended to be reading a book when she went in.
3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式。例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。如:
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
It is possible for our hopes to be realized.
4.不定式符号to的保留问题
有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现下列动词后:expect,prefer,care,mean,forget,want,wish,hope,try以及be glad/happy等后。
如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,这些词要保留。如:
—Are you on holidays ?
—No, but I’d like to be.
—I didn’t tell him the news.
—Oh, you ought to have.
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