考研英语真题阅读理解的试题及名师解析
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考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 1
In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of difference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation－language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the deion of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign–born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.–born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian–American women are married to non-Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
21. The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying. [B] associating. [C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing。
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture。
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers。
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite。
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption。
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。
[A] are resistant to homogenization。
[B] exert a great influence on American culture。
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture。
[D] constitute the majority of the population。
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world。
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants。
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants。
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture。
25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
[A] rewarding. [B] successful. [C]. fruitless. [D]. harmful。
名师解析
21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
“homogenizing”(第一段第二行)一词的大致意思是
[A] identifying. 识别 确认 [B] associating. 联系，联合
[C] assimilating. 吸收，同化 [D] monopolizing. 独占，垄断
【答案】 C
【考点】 词义题。
【分析】 本题的答案直接可以定位到第一句话。文章说“尽管人们不停地谈论差异”，用到了表示转折的“in spite of”，后面显然就是与前面的意思相反了。差异的反面自然是相同。如果考生没有把握，只要继续读两句，就会发现作者描述的都是一个同化了的社会的特征。而“homogenize”这个单词，如果从词根来分析，也不难判断。“homo”表示相同的，比如同性恋就是“homosexual”，而“homogenize”的原意就是“使均匀，均质化”，所以只有[C]“assimilate”这个单词合适。“assimilate”的本意是“吸收，消化”，后引申为“使相同、使相象”，以及“把(移民或文化出色的群体)同化到盛行的文化中”。[A]“identify”一般表示对身份的“识别，确认”，不合题意。[B]“associate”表示“联系，联合”，不合题意。[D]“monopolize”(独占， 垄断)，这个单词由“mono(单一)＋pole(极)”构成，用在本处意思不符合。
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
在作者看来，19世纪的商场
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture. 在传播流行文化方面发挥了作用。
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers. 成为了和普通消费者关系亲密的商店。
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. 满足了知识精英的需要。
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 其出现归功于消费文化。
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 题干关键词“department stores”出现在第一段第三句，该句子的意思是“人们沉迷于一种始于19世纪的商场的消费文化”。随后进一步解释说“商场和那些精品店不一样，是人人都可以去的，购物变成了一种民主和公众的活动”。也就是说，商场对于流行文化的传播起到了推动的作用，故[A]为本题的正确答案。[B]的错误在于它故意将那些迎合精英人士的精品店与其顾客的那种亲密的关系用在商场与普通消费者的关系上。[C]的错误在于商场满足的是普通大众的需要，而不是那些知识精英的需要。至于[D]，它故意颠倒了因果关系，商场的出现推动了流行文化的发展，而并不是流行文化导致了商场的出现。而且作者在这一段结束的时候，还提到，其它的一些推动流行文化发展的因素还有大众传媒、广告以及运动业。
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。
本文暗示现在美国的移民
[A] are resistant to homogenization. 对于同化是抵制的。
[B] exert a great influence on American culture. 对美国文化施加了很大的影响。
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture. 对大众文化几乎没有威胁。
[D] constitute the majority of the population. 占人口大多数。
【答案】 C
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 题干中出现了“immigrant”这个关键单词，就是告诉考生，本题解题的.关键是和移民相关的内容。只有阅读完相关的内容，才有可能正确答对本题。“immigrant”可以定位到第二段。文章说“移民正在快速适应这个大众文化”。第二句就引用记者的话说“如今的移民既未达到前所未有的水平，而且也不抵制同化”。这样一来，就可以排除[A]。后面提到美国移民的人口比率只有百分之几，显然不可能是人口的大多数，因此[D]“移民占人口大多数”可以被我们排除。不但人数不占优势，所占比率还在缩小，因此，可以说[C]“对大众文化几乎没有威胁”是合适的。至于[B]项，文中没有提及。但是考虑到人数这么少，对美国施加巨大的影响一说就不太现实了。
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
第五段中为什么提到阿诺德·施瓦辛格和葛斯·布鲁克斯？
[A] To prove their popularity around the world. 为了证明他们在全球都很受欢迎。
[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. 为了表明公众对移民的恐惧。
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants. 为了举出成功移民的范例。
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture. 为了展示美国文化的强大影响。
【答案】 D
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 2
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals andamateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the wordamateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integratedinto the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share itsvalues. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with itsconsequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally mostobvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development ofgeology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy ofresearch, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptableresearch paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studiesrepresented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentiethcentury, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionalsonly if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the oldway. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geologicaljournals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by thewidespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in thetwentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separatejournals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateurreadership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to cometogether nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization wasalready well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, itsfull consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In sciencegenerally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucialperiod for this change in the structure of science.
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be moreclearly seen in sciences such as _________。
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can infer from the passage that _________。
[A]there is little distinction between specialization andprofessionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunity
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_________。
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialization is _________。
[A]the development in communication
[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
名师解析
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be moreclearly seen in sciences such as_________.
19世纪专业化的发展在_______等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。
[A]sociology and chemistry 社会学和化学
[B]physics and psychology 物理学和心理学
[C]sociology and psychology 社会学和心理学
[D]physics and chemistry 物理学和化学
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点。在这四个选择项中，[A]、[B]、[C]都提到了文科学科，只有[D]选项中的物理学和化学均是以数学和实验作为基础的科学，因此可以推断[D]选项符合原文，是正确答案。
22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 从本文可以推断出______。
[A] there is little distinction between specialization andprofessionalization
在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas ofscience
业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientificcommunity
专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 选项[A]中提到专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别，而实际上，它们指的是不同的领域和方向，specialization针对研究对象，professionalization针对研究者，因此可以排除。选项[C]说专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。[D]选项明显错误，因为文中提到既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会。第三段指出局部的研究只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择[B]。
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate______。
作者提到地质学发展是为了说明______。
[A] the process of specialization and professionalization
专业化和职业化的过程
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
科技出版政策的变化
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
职业人士对业余人士的歧视
【答案】 A
【考点】 作者目的题。
【分析】 根据题干地质学发展定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展;以及第四段第一句虽然职业化和专业化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是[A]。[B]选项认为是业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响. 但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响。
24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成专业化的直接原因是_______。
[A] the development in communication 交流的发展
[B] the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展
[D] the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开篇就指出，专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应。这句话的含义实际上就是科学知识的积累促进了专业化。因此可以判定[C]是正确选项。[A]选项是不对的，因为根据其中的交流一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到专业化影响了交流过程，而不是反之。[B]不对，专业化是随着知识的`进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的，不是其成因。[D]为专业化的结果。
难句解析：
1. Nevertheless, the wordamateurdoes carry aconnotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into thescientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values。
【结构分析】本句的主句是the wordamateurdoes carry a connotation，后面有一个that引导的同位语从句，解释connotation，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of sciencebased especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can beillustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。
【结构分析】本句的主干是The trend was naturally most obvious and can beillustrated。主语是the trend，两个谓语部分为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个部分中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training是过去分词做后置定语修饰areas of science。
3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professionalgeological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced bythe widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentiethcentury。
【结构分析】本句的主干结构是The overall result has been to do sth。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是a result，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个that引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by.。.。
4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to cometogether nationally in a different way。
【结构分析】这是一个并列句，由whereas连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists，而后面说theamateurs have tended either to remainor to come。
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