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考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(23)
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”， with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well。
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males。
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different。
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin。
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast。
[B] justifying an assumption。
[C]making a comparison。
[D]explaining a phenomenon。
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature。
[C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]more inclined to weigh what they get。
[B]attentive to researchers’ instructions。
[C]nice in both appearance and temperament。
[D]more generous than their male companions。
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers。
[B]can be taught to exchange things。
[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated。
[D]are unhappy when separated from others。
25. When can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions。
[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source。
[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do。
[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild。
名师解析
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by 第一段，作者引入主题是通过
[A] posing a contrast. 提出一个对照。
[B] justifying an assumption. 证明假定是正确的。
[C] making a comparison. 作出一个比较。
[D] explaining a phenomenon 解释一个现象。
【答案】 C
【考点】 写作手法题。
【分析】 从题目入手可以节约时间，增强阅读目的性，有的放矢。第一题的题目告诉我们需要先确定主题。如前所述，一段文章的主题同样可能就隐藏在一句关键的话中。从文章第一段讲人会因为不公平而愤怒，推导动物会不会呢？有人认为不会，但是科学研究表明猴子同样会。这就是关键句，这就是作者要讨论的主题。[A]选项表示对比，相反或不同，可是文章说的是猴与人类似，所以不选。[B]选项原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样，所以这个答案不对。[D]选项解释现象，这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来。
22. The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line, Paragraph l) implies that
“太猴子化”(第一段最后一行)这一说法的言下之意是
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。
猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒。
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature。
痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性。
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。
猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒。
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。
除了猴子以外，没有动物能够产生出这样的感情。
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 由于题目表面看上去是问一个词组的意思，所以很多人纠缠在字面意义上。实际上，考生只有先理解“all too human”然后才能够理解“all too monkey”。[A]选项谈到“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒。”文章中开篇的时候只是说人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，所以不选。[C]选项说“猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒。”这个选项是最大的干扰项。在对文章经过仔细的阅读后，考生可以发现，作者的主题就是要告诉大家“对不公平的痛恨猴子也会”。这个选项在程度上超过了我们的需要。[D]“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情。”这个说法如果断章取义也有可能会被错选，但是只有结合上文的逻辑顺序就能够去除这个干扰项。
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
母卷尾猴最有可能被选为研究对象的原因是它们
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. 更加倾向于权衡它们之所得。
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. 关注研究人员的指导。
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament. 有好的外表和脾气。
[D] more generous than their male companions. 比公猴更加慷慨。
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 第三段第一句“Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de waal’s study。”正好回答了这个问题。考生应该立即意识到“such characteristics”指的是第二段中“They look cute(可爱). They are good-natured(脾气好)， co-operative(合作)creatures, and they share their food readily(共享食物). Above all(最重要的是)， like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ‘goods and services’than males。”如果考生对最后一句话仔细研究一下，就会发现这句话中的“密切关注它们获得的东西”其实就是“权衡它们获得的东西”的意思。而且这是首要的，有“above all”为证明。这里有一个阅读技巧，即注意“such”一词。当“such”出现在某段某句中作定语时，表示的意思是“如此的，这样的”。请考生务必到前文去寻找该词的实际指代内容。切记！[B]这个意思也不错，因为文中有“cooperative”，可惜这不是最重要的。[C]文中也提到了，但是仍然不是最重要的。[D]选项是出题人自己编的。
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal最终在他们的研究中发现猴子
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. 喜欢葡萄胜过黄瓜。
[B] can be taught to exchange things. 可以被训练来交换东西。
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. 如果感觉被欺骗，就不会合作。
[D] are unha
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