考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(一)
在社会的各个领域，我们最少不了的就是试题了，试题可以帮助参考者清楚地认识自己的知识掌握程度。一份好的试题都具备什么特点呢？以下是小编收集整理的考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July。) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas。
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “ American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government,“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States。”
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____。
[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____。
[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。
[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。
[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。
[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development。
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____。
[A]turning of the business cycle
[B]restructuring of industry
[C]improved business management
[D]success in education
名师解析
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____。
美国在二战后取得优势地位是因为_____。
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal。
它为该目标付出了艰巨的努力。
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before。
它的国内市场比以前大八倍。
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors。
战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济。
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy。
它无与伦比的劳动力规模给了经济推动力。
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 第一段指出，“二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的`。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的”。因此利用排除法，确定答案是[A]。
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____。
上个世纪80年代美国优势地位的丧失可以从美国_______事实中看出来。
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
电视工业已经退到国内市场
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
半导体产业已经被外国公司接管
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
机床业已经自取灭亡
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
汽车工业已经丧失了部分国内市场
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 [A]选项错误，因为第二段中说“到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)”说明它连国内市场也保不住了。[B]选项错误，文中第二段最后一句提到，“在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者”，可是事实上没有。[C]选项中谈到的机床业已经自取灭亡的说法错误，因为文中提到机床制造业“岌岌可危”(on the ropes)，但是还没有灭亡呢。[D]是合适的，因为第二段第六句提到，“进口车和纺织品横扫国内市场”。
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
从本文中可以推断出哪个选项？
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。
在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摇摆是人的本性。
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。
激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。
经济的复苏依靠国际的合作。
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development。
一个长期成功的经历会为进一步的发展铺平道路。
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 第三段提到，“所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告”。第四段提到了“90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代产业结构调整，美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏”。因此可以得出激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。另外三个选项都不合适。
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____。
作者似乎相信美国经济在上个世纪90年代的复苏可以归结于____。
[A]turning of the business cycle 经济周期的转折
[B]restructuring of industry 行业重组
[C]improved business management 改善了的工商管理
[D]success in education 教育的成功
【答案】 A
【考点】 作者观点题。
【分析】 在第四段，作者指出，“1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代”。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 2
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can infer from the passage that _________.
[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialization is _________.
[A]the development in communication
[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
名师解析
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.
19世纪专业化的发展在_______等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。
[A]sociology and chemistry 社会学和化学
[B]physics and psychology 物理学和心理学
[C]sociology and psychology 社会学和心理学
[D]physics and chemistry 物理学和化学
【答案】 D
【考点】事实细节题。
【分析】根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点”。在这四个选择项中，[A]、[B]、[C]都提到了“文科学科”，只有[D]选项中的“物理学和化学”均是“以数学和实验作为基础的科学”，因此可以推断[D]选项符合原文，是正确答案。
22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 从本文可以推断出______。
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization
在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会
【答案】 B
【考点】推断题。
【分析】选项[A]中提到“专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别”，而实际上，它们指的是“不同的领域和方向”，“specialization”针对“研究对象”，“professionalization”针对“研究者”，因此可以排除。选项[C]说“专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体”这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。[D]选项明显错误，因为文中提到“既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会”。第三段指出“局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受”。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择[B]。
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______。
作者提到地质学发展是为了说明______。
[A] the process of specialization and professionalization
专业化和职业化的过程
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
科技出版政策的变化
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
职业人士对业余人士的歧视
【答案】 A
【考点】作者目的题。
【分析】根据题干“地质学发展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展；以及第四段第一句“虽然职业化和专业化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响”，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是[A]。[B]选项认为是“业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛”。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响.但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明“专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响”。
24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成专业化的直接原因是_______。
[A] the development in communication 交流的发展
[B] the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展
[D] the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化
【答案】 C
【考点】事实细节题。
【分析】本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开篇就指出，“专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应”。这句话的含义实际上就是“科学知识的积累促进了专业化”。因此可以判定[C]是正确选项。[A]选项是不对的，因为根据其中的“交流”一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到“专业化影响了交流过程”，而不是反之。[B]不对，“专业化是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的”，不是其成因。[D]为专业化的`结果。
难句解析：
1. Nevertheless, the word“amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values。
【结构分析】本句的主句是“the word‘amateur’does carry a connotation”，后面有一个“that”引导的同位语从句，解释“connotation”，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。
【结构分析】本句的主干是“The trend was naturally most obvious… and can be illustrated…”。主语是“the trend”，两个谓语部分为“was obvious”和“can be illustrated”。前一个部分中“based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training”是过去分词做后置定语修饰“areas of science”。
3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century。
【结构分析】本句的主干结构是“The overall result has been to do sth。”。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是“a result”，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个“that”引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语“first by..., and then by.。.”。
4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。
【结构分析】这是一个并列句，由“whereas”(而)连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是“A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists”，而后面说“the amateurs have tended either to remain…or to come…”。
全文翻译：
专业化可被看作针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分为各个小的单元，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为进一步研究的基础。但是专业化仅仅是一系列相关科学进步中影响交流过程的的一个。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
在科学领域内，职业人士与业余人士之间没有明确的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有一种含义，即相关的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，尤其是他可能并不完全认同他们的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展，导致了对更长更复杂的训练的要求，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。
对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物所进行的比较表明不但人们对研究首要性的重视程度在不断增加，而且对什么是可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就代表了一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被职业人员接受，那么它就必须结合和思考一个更加广阔的地质面貌。另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事局部的研究。结果，业余人员在职业化地质学杂志发表文章更加困难。审稿制度首先在19世纪的全国性杂志中实行，后来在20世纪一些地方性地质杂志中也开始实行，这使这个结果得到进一步加强。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致职业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果一直拖到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从整个科学来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生该变化的关键阶段。
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