句首动词命题透视
动词用法多,形式变化灵活,句首动词形式的选用更是令许多考生感到困惑。本文拟结合近年高考试题全方位透视句首动词形式的命题特点,希望能给同学们一些帮助。一、句首使用动词原形
此类题目多通过特定句式、固定结构考查动词的形式。近年高考考查的重点多为动词原形开头的祈使句或“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型。
1. —What should I do with this passage?
—_____ the main idea of each paragraph. (2005重庆卷)
A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out
析:该句省略了主语,复原后整个句子应为:You should find out the main idea of each paragraph.正确答案为C。
2. —English has a large vocabulary, hasn't it?
—Yes. ______ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate. (2004上海卷)
A. Know B. Knowing
C. To know D. Known
析:根据题意和结构可知,该题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型,故首空应用动词原形。答案为A。
二、句首使用to-v短语形式
置于句首的to-v短语形式常作目的状语,其后使用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构(作目的状语的to-v短语放在句后也可以)。注意:若v-to形式表示的动作为句子的主语所承受,则需使用被动式。
______ late in the afternoon,Bob turned off the alarm.(2001北京春季卷)
A. To sleep
B. Sleeping
C. Sleep
D. Having slept
析:从整个句子结构上看,逗号后面没有连词或关系词,可知此题考查非谓语动词形式。结合句子语意,应用不定式结构作目的状语。答案选A。
三、句首使用v-ing短语作主语的形式
v-ing短语作主语其判定方法为:该动词短语作主语与谓语动词直接连接,没有逗号隔开。
_____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin. (2002上海卷)
A. Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
析:分析句子结构可知,will do是谓语,缺少主语,要用v-ing形式作主语。expose与one's skin是动宾关系,故应用v-ing的被动式。答案为C。
四、句首使用v-ing短语作状语的形式
用在句首的v-ing形式作状语常常表示原因、时间、条件或让步,其后用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构,v-ing短语形式具有“进行”和“主动”意义。但当v-ing短语的逻辑主语承受其动作时要用被动式;当v-ing表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时要用完成式;否定形式是把not放在v-ing短语的前边。
1. ____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005湖北卷)
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated
析:从结构上看,判断为该动词短语作状语;从意义上看,该动词短语作原因状语,需用v-ing形式;从逻辑上看,句子的主语Australia与separate的关系应为动宾关系,即被动关系,故用被动形式;从题意上看,separate这个动作是在主句的谓语动词has之前发生的,因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正确答案为C。
注:置于句首的v-ing短语作状语时,其前可加上相应的从属连词when, while, if, though, although, once等,以明确所作状语的类型。
2. Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university. (2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in
析:his parents与lack是主谓关系,要用v-ing形式作状语,在前面加上though,使得让步意义更加明显。答案为C。
五、句首使用v-ed短语作状语的形式
用在句首的v-ed形式作状语也常常表示原因、时间、条件、让步或背景状态,其后也用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构,只是v-ed短语形式具有“被动”和“完成”意义。
1. ____ in the mountains for a week, the two students are finally saved by the local police.(2005江苏卷)
A. Having lost B. Lost
C. Being lost D. Losing
析:从结构上看,动词短语有逗号隔开,应为该动词短语作状语;此题测试词组be lost in...的用法,它表状态,不表动作。故答案为B。
2. ____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.(2005上海卷)
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put
析:正确答案为A。主语the hotline于2000年4月被投入使用,v.-ed短语这里作时间状语,可扩展为When it (the hotline)was put into use in April 2000……
六、句首使用动词短语作插入语的形式
置于句首的动词短语如果只表示说话人对说话内容所持态度,不作句子中的任何成分,去掉后句子意义仍然完整,则属于插入语。这类插入语多为固定说法。如用to-v短语作插入语,常见的有:to tell (you) the truth(实话说),to begin with(首先,第一),to make matters worse(更糟糕的是),to be honest/frank(老实说,坦白说)等;用v-ing短语作插入语,常见的有:judging from/by...(从……判断),talking of...(谈及……),considering...(鉴于/考虑到……),supposing that...(假定……),generally speaking(一般来讲)等;用v-ed短语作插入语,常见的有:compared with/to...(与……相比较),given...(考虑到……),provided that...(如果……)等。
____, the more expensive the camera is, the better its quality.(2005全国卷III)
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
正确答案为C。
巩固练习
1. _______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
A. Giving B. Give
C. Given D. To give
2. _____&n