初中英语语法总结（通用）
总结是事后对某一时期、某一项目或某些工作进行回顾和分析，从而做出带有规律性的结论，它可以给我们下一阶段的学习和工作生活做指导，因此我们需要回头归纳，写一份总结了。但是总结有什么要求呢？下面是小编帮大家整理的初中英语语法总结，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
初中英语语法总结1
介词又叫前置词，在句子中不能单独使用，总是与其后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的词一起构成介词短语，表达多种不同的意义。
介词具有以下3大特点：
1、介词后面的词作介词的宾语，被称作介词宾语。
2、介词后面的代词需用宾格形式。
3、介词后面的动词要用动名词形式。
介词的用法
介词不能单独使用，介词和介词的宾语一起构成介词短语，在句中作主语、表语、补足语、定语、状语、插入语。介词短语有6种基本用法。
作主语
介词短语作主语，位于句子开头。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 2 hours' flight.从上海到北京要飞大约4个小时。
注意介词短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
作定语
介词短语作定语，放在所修饰的词的后面，作后置定语。
The girl in red is my sister.穿红衣服的那个女孩是我妹妹。
作表语
介词短语作表语，放在连系动词的后面。
Our English teacher is in the office .我们的.英语老师在办公室。
She looks like her mother .她看上去像她妈妈。
作宾语补足语
介词短语作宾语补足语，放在宾语的后面补充说明宾语是什么或怎么样。
I always find her at her studies .我总是发现她在学习。
When she woke up，she found herself in hospital .当她醒来时，她发现自己躺在医院里。
作状语
介词短语作状语，大都位于句末，有时也位于句子开头，表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等。
Can you sing this song in English ?你会用英语唱这首歌吗?(方式状语)
I'll meet you at your school gate .我将在你们学校门口接你。(地点状语)
I was playing computer games at eight this morning.今天上午8点我在玩电脑游戏。(时间状语)
Because of the traffic ，I was late for class.因为交通原因我上课迟到了。(原因状语)
作插入语
介词短语作插入语，位于句首或句中。
He was too careless;in a word ，he made too manymistakes.他太粗心，总之，他出的错太多。
初中英语语法总结2
在英语中，to一词用法及其灵活。除了常见“to do”结构外，to还有介词和副词的用法。但我们大都是听过记忆类似“be devoted to
doing”这种所谓的固定搭配学习，却不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的含义具体分别如下：
1. 向，对着(某方向或某处)：He walked to the school.他朝学校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落着很多楼房。
3. 到，达(某处)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的长发垂到地上。
4. 到，达(某状态)：He always tries to work to perfection. 他总是努力将工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物馆开放时间为9:00到17:00。
6. 差，离：It is ten to ten. 现在是十点差十分。(9:50)
7. 给(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 妈妈送我生日礼物。
8. 对于，关于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你对这个小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示两件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印机与电脑相连。
10. 属于，归于(表示两事物或两人之间的关系)：the key to the door门的钥匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主义是对和平的威胁。
12. 表示引出比较的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，妈妈更喜欢游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中国以六比二赢得比赛。
13. 等于，每(表示数量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分钟六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我们将为地震中牺牲的战士修建纪念碑。
15. 伴随：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人随音乐换新起舞。
16. 为了给(用于表示动作的'动词后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸冲过去。
17. 适合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我惊讶的是，杰克竟能通过考试。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 对我而言，对错都不重要。
以上是to 作为介词的主要用法，另外，to用作副词还有“关着”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 请推门关上。
2. to and fro 来来回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他难以冷静下来，在房里走来走去。
初中英语语法总结3
【—辅导之构词法】关于构词法的英语语法知识，希望同学们认真学习。
构词法
英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、转换法：
(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的.)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
初中英语语法总结4
用一个句子作状语，这个句子就是状语从句。状语从句通常用来修饰句子、动词或形容词，表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较等。引导状语从句的连词叫从属连词。
16-1 时间状语从句
在句中相当于时间状语的从句叫时间状语从句。时间状语从句常由从属连词when，while，as，before，after，as soon as，since，till，until等引导。如：
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你长大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那儿就给你打电话。
1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词及用法
(1)when，while，as引导时间状语从句意为“当……时”。如：
When the clock struck twelve ，all the lights went out.当时钟敲了十二下，灯全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ，his wife was cooking.彼得看书的时候，他妻子在做饭。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起来时，把杯子摔碎了。
注意：
①when表示“当……时”，多用来表示时间点，也可表示时间段;从句中既可以用非延续性动词，也可用延续性动词;when 从句多用一般过去时，主句时态没有限制，根据具体情况而定;在将来时态中，常用when引导从句，且从句须用一般现在时代替将来时;when表示时间段时可与while通用，但从句中必须用延续性动词。如：
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走进我房间时，我正在看书。
When I got to the airport，the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week，I'll talk with him about this.下周经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。
②while表示“当……的时候;在……之时;在……期间”，所引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词，且通常用进行时。如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper，I was watching TV.当妻子在看报纸的时候，我在看电视。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。
③as引导时间状语从句时，从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。当从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词，表示“当……的时候”时，往往可以与when或while通用，但as更侧重主句与从句的行为同时发生，常译作“随着……;一边……，一边……”。如：
Kate read the book as she went along.凯特边走边读书。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我们边听课边记笔记。
(2)before引导时间状语从句意为“在……之前”。如：
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火车停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.过马路之前左右两边都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我来这儿之前，一点英语都不懂。
(3)after引导时间状语从句意为“在……之后”。如：
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door，he left.他锁上门之后就走了。
注意：
为了表明动作的先后，从句中动词可用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。如：
After he had finished his work，he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后，和朋友下了一会儿棋。
(4)until，till引导时间状语从句意为“直到……为止”。如：
They waited till/until I returned.他们一直等到我回来。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反复地解释直到学生听懂了为止。
注意：
①until在肯定句中只与延续性动词连用，在否定句中通常与非延续性动词连用，表示相应动作开始的`时间，意为“直到……才”。如：
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回来他才离开。
②till用作连词，与until同义，两者经常可换用，只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文体中，一般用 until，而在口语或非正式文体中则两者都可。till多与名词或较短的从句连用，而较长较复杂的成分多用 until;在句子开头时，用 until而不用till。如：
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在东京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回来之前，什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回来之前，什么也不能做。
(5)since引导时间状语从句意为“自……以来”
Since I left school，I have written to him twice.自从我离开学校以来，我已经给他写过两封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自从他离开上海以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。
注意：
since引起的时间状语从句通常用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时态。如：
I've worked here since I left school.自我离开学校以来我一直在这里工作。
(6)as soon as引导时间状语从句意为“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到这里就告诉你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想见他。
2.时间状语从句的时态
(1)当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，由when，before，after，as soon as，until 等连词引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一见到他，就告诉他这个好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.这个男孩长大后将成为一名作家。
(2)当主句的谓语含有can，may，must等情态动词时，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作业后就可以回家。
When the lights are red，the traffic must stop .红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父亲到来之前你可以在这儿等着。
(3)当主句的谓语是want，hope，wish等动词的一般现在时形式时，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他长大后想当一名医生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大学毕业后想在美国工作。
(4)当主句是祈使句时，由when，before，after，until等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽车停下来再下车。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作业之前，请不要睡觉。
(5)当主句谓语用一般过去时，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句也要用一般过去时。如：
They talked about the party after people left .人们离开后，他们谈论这次晚会情况。
(6)当before引导的时间状语从句是过去时态，主句一般用过去完成时，有时也用一般过去时。如：
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前学了三年日语。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到这里来之前不认识我。
(7)since引导的时间状语从句要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词要用延续性动词，通常用现在完成时;用非延续性动词时，要用否定式。如：
He has waited here since you left .自从你走之后他一直在这等着。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他毕业后再没去过学校。
注意：
在It is+时间+since从句结构中，主句用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。如：
It is three years since I began to study English.我开始学英语已经有三年了。
3.时间状语从句的位置
(1)when，before，after，as，while，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的位置可位于句首，也可位于句末。放在句首时，从句后通常用逗号与主句隔开，放在句末时，从句与主句之间一般不用逗号，只在句末用句号或问号。如：
When you came to see me，I was ready to leave.你来看我时，我正准备离开。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看电视时，你给我打了电话。
After she cleaned the classroom，she went home.她打扫完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的时间状语从句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自从来到这个学校以来就一直在学英语。
初中英语语法总结5
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面帮助指明名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词a(an)和定冠词the两种。不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念，只表示名词为不特定者。定冠词则表示名词为特定者，表示“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”的意思，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。
I不定冠词
We need an apple and a knife.
我们需要一个苹果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a[+]和an[+Q]两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但发音是[U(]，是辅音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是辅音字母，但它不发音，它的音标是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠词的用法
①泛指—类人或物。
eg. This is a pencil case.
②指不具体的'某个人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
③用在序数词前,相当于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)课洗(个)澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
听报告发烧过得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步头疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠词的位置
①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。
eg, a bike, an egg
②当名词被such, what, many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③当名词前的形容词前有so, how, too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
④当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather, very时，不定冠词放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英语语法总结6
【—need】didn't need to do的.意思是过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。而needn't have done则表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
初中英语语法大全：need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为 "本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
初中英语语法总结7
名词
名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece
of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名词复数的规则变化
A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es
C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es
D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es
名词的所有格
A. 单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)
代词
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词
人称代词
第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself复数
they them their theirs themselves
物主代词
物主代词的用法形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词;名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
反身代词
反身代词的构成分两种第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
反身代词的用法一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如I can do it myself.
指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法
● 为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代词
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠词
不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.
定冠词的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。
定冠词的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B. 用在序数词、形容词的.最高级及only所修饰的名词前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
F. 用在乐器名称前。
G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。
名词前不用冠词的情况
A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。
D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那个医院里
初中英语语法总结8
规则变化
范围 变化规则 例词
大部分形容词 加ly careless----carelessly
quiet----quietly
different----differently
辅音加le结尾的形容词 变le为ly possible----possibly
terrible----terribly
comfortable----comfortably
gentle----gently
simple----simply
whole-wholly(例外)
元音字母加le结尾的形容词 加ly sole-solely
以y结尾且读音为 / i /结尾的形容词 变le为ly easy----easily angry----angrily
noisy----noisily happy----happily
heavy----heavily healthy----healthily
以y结尾且读音为 / ei /结尾的的形容词 加ly shy-shyly
dry-dryly
gay--gayly/gaily
不规则变化
本身既是形容词也是副词，无需改变 fast----fast
early----early
high----high
hard----hard
late----late
far----far
wide----wide
alone----alone
形容词和副词为完全不同的单词 good----well
初中阶段唯一一个需要去掉字母e的单词 true----truly
虽然以ly结尾，但却是形容词，不能直接用来修饰动词 friendly
lively
lovely
lonely
Likely
有些形容词本身即为副词，同时也有加ly的副词形式。但加不加ly意思不一样，使用时需注意
wide(形容词，宽阔的，睁大的)----wide(副词，睁大地)/widely(副词，广泛地),late(形容词，晚的`)-----late(副词，晚地)，lately(最近)
high(形容词，高的)----high(副词，高地)/highly(副词，高度地)
特别容易犯错的副词
形容词 副词 备注
hard hard hard副词容易写成hardly, hardly意思为“几乎不”，与hard无任何关系
friendly 无 不能用friendly直接修饰动词，只能改成in a friendly way“用一种友好的方式”。如：
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
excited excitedly 容易拼错
healthy healthily 容易拼错
polite politely 不用去掉字母e。类似的词还有：widely, nicely, closely,
初中英语语法总结9
1.should可表示惋惜、忧虑、欢欣、惊讶等感情色彩以及婉转语气。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜，她很快就要离开了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他们因祖国处在如此巨大的危险中而感到忧虑。(忧虑)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.难以置信，我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(惊讶)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的`答案该是对的吧。(婉转)
2.would可用于委婉的陈述、客气的请求和委婉的建议。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我认为他不会那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想来参加我的生日聚会吗?
3.dare可表示“胆敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢说粗话。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任务吗?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 汤姆，没必要这么担心。
这里借用一下网友总结的记忆口诀：
动词原形接后面，说话语气较委婉。
can 能力may许可，must责任或义务。
否定回答needn’t换，需要need, dare敢。
should应该，would愿，have to被迫表客观。
情态动词虽然数量有限，但用法广泛。清楚所有情态动词的表示意义，对英语遣词造句具有非常重要的作用。
初中英语语法总结10
感叹句是表示惊异和喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由what和how开头，句末用感叹号，读时用降调。How修饰形容词、副词或句子;What修饰名词。
what引起的感叹句结构
What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是个)多么聪明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(这是个)多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天气啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它们是)多么漂亮的花啊!
注意
在感叹句中，What a/an 常用来修饰单数可数名词，若其前面的形容词为元音开头，则用an。what
用来修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。但有些不可数名词，如 rain，surprise，breakfast，lunch
等，当前面有形容词修饰，使抽象名词具体化时，则要用 what a/an，如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一场雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!这多么令人惊奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么丰盛的一顿早餐啊!
How引起的感叹句结构
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!如
How well you look!你气色真好!
How kind you are!你心肠真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好听!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!这个男孩多么聪明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成为一名医生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都长这么大啦!
How you've changed!你的.变化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有点东西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息传得多快!人们一定都知道你到城里来了。
what感叹句与how感叹句的转换
what感叹句和how感叹句有时候可以相互转换。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!这本书多有趣啊!
没有感叹词的感叹句
感叹句除用what和how引出外，还可有其他许多形式，如可用陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等表达感叹语气，有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可用作感叹句。如
Stop talking!不要讲话了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天气真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!这花园今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速递】
[上海中考考题] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[广东中考考题]Tommy，_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山东济南中考考题] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK，Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陕西中考考题] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林长春中考考题] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考题] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案点拨】
答案C 句意Emma在联合国会议上做了一场非常精彩的演讲。由句意可知考查感叹句;由中心词speech可知用what
a引起感叹句，故选C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意汤米，下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽车可能会撞着你。由句意可知这里考查祈使句的否定式，故选B。
答案B 句意“现在就穿衣服!十分钟之内我们必须走。”“好的，妈妈。”由句意可知这是一个祈使句，动词要用原形。故选B。
答案D
句意“蓝天救援队的志愿者已在山中救出了许多游客。”“他们是多么伟大的人啊!”由句意可知后句为感叹句;由感叹句中的they可知man用复数men，且用what引起感叹句，故选D。
答案B 句意这是多么棒的消息呀!我们下周将有一个学校旅行。news是不可数名词，用what引导感叹句，故选B。
答案C 句意“在这次端午节你看过龙舟赛了吗?”“是的。多么精彩的比赛啊!”由句末的复数名词races可知用what引导感叹句，故选C。
【语法专练 体验中考】
[山东济南] — Making paper bottles?Wow，_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西宁] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林长春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考题] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龙江齐齐哈尔] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黄石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble，and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella，or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龙江绥化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways，Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山东泰安] As we all know，life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重庆考题] — Jack，don't always copy what others do._____ your
head，please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速递】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
初中英语语法总结11
一.英语语法重点与难点
1、 as…as…结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to与 so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的转换：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义：
约翰不象迈克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考点—词组
1. after, in 这两个介词都可以表示“……(时间)以后”的意思
after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的`
in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问?如:How long ago was it?
这是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频率副词或状语(如once a week等)提问?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久来一次?每月一次。
how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能赶来?
初中英语语法总结12
代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语或句子的词。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词九类。
03-3反身代词
反身代词的概念与形式
表示“我自己，你自己，他(她、它)自己，我们自己，你们自己，他们自己”的代词称为反身代词。第一、二人称是在形容词性物主代词后加self或selves构成，第三人称是在人称代词宾格后加self或selves构成。
反身代词用法4注意
(1)反身代词作动词宾语，经常用在下列动词后构成固定词组。enjoy oneself玩得开心，过得愉快;teach oneself自学;hurt
oneself伤着自己;introduce oneself to sb.向某人作自我介绍;dress
oneself给自己穿衣服。反身代词还可以用在to，for，by，of，like等介词后作介词的'宾语。如
He is talking to himself.他在自言自语。
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必须照顾好自己，保持健康。
She taught herself English.她自学英语。
(2)反身代词作主语或宾语的同位语，起强调主语或宾语的作用，译为“本身、本人、亲自”等。如
Did you make the cake yourself?这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself作主语you的同位语)
He himself was a doctor.他本人是个医生。(himself作主语he的同位语)
The work itself isn't difficult.那项工作本身并不难。(itself做主语work的同位语)
(3)反身代词用在be，feel，look，seem等连系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如I'm not myself
today.我今天感觉不舒服。
He is feeling himself again.他觉得自己健康如初。
(4)反身代词还用于一些固定词组或简短会话中。如
Help yourself to some meat.请随便吃些肉吧。
Make yourself at home.别客气。
注意
反身代词在句子中要与句子的人称和数保持一致，切不可随意使用。如He didn't often go to look for food
himself.他自己不经常去寻找食物。
【中考速递】
[吉林中考考题] Last month，I went to the computer museum with my parents.We
enjoyed _____ and learned a lot.
A.us B.ourselves C.our
[四川达州中考考题] — Would you please come to play soccer with me?
— Sorry!My 5-year-old brother can't look after _____.
A.him B.himself C.his D.he
[四川成都中考考题] It's true that we are not born for _____.
A.us B.ours C.ourselves
[四川成都中考考题] — Liu Mei can speak Japanese so well!Who taught her?
— Nobody.She taught _____.
A.her B.hers C.herself
【答案点拨】
答案B句意“上个月，我和父母一起去了计算机博物馆，我们玩得很开心还学到了许多。”enjoy
oneself意为“玩得开心;过得愉快”，故选B。
答案B句意“你能来和我一起踢足球吗?”“很抱歉!我五岁的弟弟不能照顾自己。”主语My 5-year-old
brother与介词after后的宾语为同一人，用反身代词himself表示“他自己”。故选B。
答案C句意我们不是为自己而生，这是真的。强调某人自己，用反身代词。故选C。
答案C句意“刘梅日语说得这么好，谁教的她啊?”“没人，她自学的。”teach oneself是固定短语，意为“自学”，故选C。
初中英语语法总结13
不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如to write)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
不定式的用法
1)不定式结构作主语
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式结构所表示的'动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb.to do sth.结构表达It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。
及物动词+带to的不定式结构：只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式这类动词常见的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英语语法总结，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常见的疑问代(副)词有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达动词(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英语语法总结14
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is
time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you
came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在
。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next
month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has） +过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的`动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past
six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several
times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，学英语的好网站，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情，学英语的好网站，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
英语语法经典例题800例：非谓语动词（例题1）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。
【分析】其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。
值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为“把……贡献给……”;二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易误选B，根据 can’t help doing sth 这一结构推出。
【分析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：
can’t help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一题，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再请看以下试题：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此题应选C，句中的 can’t help 意为“禁不住”(注意根据句意用被动形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：
(1) devote 意为“致力于，献身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。
(2) 选A错误：若将 do 改为 doing 则可以。
(3) 选B正确：all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。
(4) 选C错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。
(5) 选D错误：若单独看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，则可选D，或将D将中的is 改为 being也可选它。
英语语法经典例题800例：虚拟语气（例题）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选B。根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话——但事实上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。
【分析】最佳答案为D。关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易误选A或C。选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致;选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助动词 + 主语”是一个很有用的结构，它表示“……也一样”时。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(这是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D。
英语语法经典例题800例：强调句（例题）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，认为强调的是原因状语从句 because we were late。
【分析】但实际上，此题的答案为B，强调的是句子主语 our being late，此题若还原成非强调句，即为：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，强调句的一个显著特点是，若去掉强调结构 it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;换句话说，该结构中的 that 不能充当句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】几个干扰项均可能误选。
【分析】答案选A，为强调句的特殊疑问句形式，其相应的陈述句形式为：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比较以下各题，它们也属强调句的特殊疑问句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案选C，被强调成分为 who，该句实为类似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式(即对其中的Tom 提问而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案选C，被强调成分为 what，该句实为类似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式(即对其中的a bike 提问而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，但最有可能误选的可能是A，认为这是一个普通的系表结构，即认为第二空要填形容词作表语。
【分析】其实，此题是一个强调句，其非强调形式为 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的强调句式强调其中的状语 very carefully 即为上面一题的题干，所以答案应选B。请看下面几例，也属强调结构：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案选C，被强调成分为 when she was about to go to bed 这一时间状语从句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案选C，被强调成分为 at Christmas，其中的动词 be 采用了 may have been 这一较为复杂的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能误选C，认为这是一个强调句，强调地点状语 in the hall。
【分析】假若选C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，该句的意思是“学生们通常是在
大厅开会”，单独看这一句，无论是其意思还是其语法均未错，但若将其与上文联系起来看，则不通，因为上文的意思是“你是在
哪儿找到昨天作报告的那位教授的?”假若将答句改为 It was in the hall that I found the professor，则完全可以。
其实，此题的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 为定语从句，用以修饰其前的名词 the hall，句意
为“是在学生们经常开会的那个大厅(找到教授的)”，这样语意就通顺了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题为一个强调句型，空格处应填 that (即选D)，被强调成分为 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
为“让我生气的不是他说的话，而是他话中的意思”。请再看两例：
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案选C，为强调句型，被强调成分为 his nervousness in the interview，句意为“很可能是面试时表现出紧张，使他失去
了这份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案选B，为强调句型，被强调成分为 the ability to do the job，句意为“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你来自何地
或你是从事什么工作的”。
英语语法大全经典例题800例：名词性从句（例题）
【导语】英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能误选B。许多同学一看选项首先就排除了C和D，认为这样两个“引导词”叠用的情况不太可能。在A和B两个选项中，选项A肯定不行，因为它引导宾语从句时不能充当句子成分，所以便选择了B。
【分析】正确答案选 D。第一个what 用作动词 meant 的宾语，第二个what 用作动词 said 的宾语，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 为主句，what what he said meant 为宾语从句，而在此宾语从句中又包括有 what he said 这样一个主语从句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能误选A。
【分析】最佳答案选 C。有的同学误选A，是因为认为介词后应接关系代词 which，但实际上，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词，这根据不是一个定语从句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主语，所以B和D也不能选。请再做下面一题(答案选B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根据中文字面意思误选A或B。
【分析】最佳答案选 D。假若选A或B，那么转换成陈述句即为：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 显然句中的两个谓语动词 is与want相冲突。选D组成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 为句子主语，all 为表语，you want to say 为定语从句，用以修饰all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能误选D，认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。
【分析】最佳答案选 B。第一个when引出的是一个特殊疑问句，故用疑问词序;第二个 when 引出的是主语从句，故其后用陈述句词序。请做以下试题(答案选C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D。首先可以排除A和C，因为空格处实为一个宾语从句，所以不能用疑问句词序。另一方面，但按英语习惯，当用于指代身份不明的人时，要用代词it，而不用 he 或she等。比较以下两句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在门口，他想见你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有个人在门口，可能是邮递员。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代词 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代词 someone，说明此人身份尚不明确，故其后用了代词 it 来指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此题容易误选 A或B：选 A 的同学认为这是指人的，故用who;选B的同学认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)。
【分析】其实答案应选C。that引导的是一个宾语从句，用作动词 know 的宾语，它只是被句中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。请做以下试题(答案均为C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面两题 that 引导宾语从句，后面一题 that同位语从句(修饰the news)。
英语语法大全：特殊同位语归纳
英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，本章主要介绍英语语法中的句子成分，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更多内容尽在。
特殊同位语归纳
当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。基本形式的同位语大家一般不会出错，但有几种同位语，或由于本身结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。
1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语
Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗?
They three joined the school team. 他们3人参加了校队。
She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。
2. 不定式用作同位语
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along…与the instruction同位)
3. -ing分词用作同位语
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)
4. 形容词用作同位语
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。
【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之类的结构用作同位语
We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。
We have none of us large appetites. 我们谁饭量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。
【注】同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如：
学生每人都有一本词典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
误：The students each has a dictionary.
请比较下面一句(谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语)：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 从句用作同位语(即同位语从句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。
初中英语语法总结15
构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、转换法：
(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续)
名词：
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。一盒牛奶：
3、名词所有格：
1、 名词所有格如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的.区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
代词：
1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
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