初中英语语法总结（常用15篇）
总结是指社会团体、企业单位和个人在自身的某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价，从而肯定成绩，得到经验，找出差距，得出教训和一些规律性认识的一种书面材料，它能够给人努力工作的动力，不如立即行动起来写一份总结吧。那么你真的懂得怎么写总结吗？下面是小编帮大家整理的初中英语语法总结，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
初中英语语法总结1
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面帮助指明名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词a(an)和定冠词the两种。不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念，只表示名词为不特定者。定冠词则表示名词为特定者，表示“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”的意思，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。
I不定冠词
We need an apple and a knife.
我们需要一个苹果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a[+]和an[+Q]两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但发音是[U(]，是辅音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是辅音字母，但它不发音，它的音标是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠词的`用法
①泛指—类人或物。
eg. This is a pencil case.
②指不具体的某个人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
③用在序数词前,相当于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)课洗(个)澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
听报告发烧过得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步头疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠词的位置
①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。
eg, a bike, an egg
②当名词被such, what, many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③当名词前的形容词前有so, how, too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
④当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather, very时，不定冠词放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英语语法总结2
构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、转换法：
(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续)
名词：
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。一盒牛奶：
3、名词所有格：
1、 名词所有格如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的.区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
代词：
1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
初中英语语法总结3
【—need】didn't need to do的意思是过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。而needn't have done则表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
初中英语语法大全：need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为 "本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的.事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
初中英语语法总结4
每年的中考试卷中，“句型转换”题所占分值较大，是为了全面考查学生在初中阶段所学的词汇(同义或反义)、短语、句型和语法等方面的知识及其它的之间的灵活运用能力。
Ⅰ.题型介绍
所谓“句型转换”就是先给一个完整的句子A，再根据括号内的要求(有时没有明确，须自己观察)，在第二个句子B的空白处填上适当的词来完成的句型转换。
Ⅱ.题型分类
从形式上看，有如下几种形式：①某一词或词组的转换;②词组与句子的转换;③同义句型的转换;④为纠正常犯语言错误而设计的题目。
从内容上看，此题型涉及的面较广，主要有：①句子功能方面的转换。包括陈述句(肯定与否定)、四种题疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的转换;②句子结构方面的转换。即简单句、复合句、并列句之间的转换;③语态的转换。即主动语态与被动语态之间的转换;④常用句型与词汇手段的转换。
Ⅲ.具体分类如下
一、陈述句与疑问句、祈使句、感叹句间的转换
1、陈述句中肯定句变为否定句，大部分是用not来改变谓语结构，但也有借用否定意义的词，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改为疑问句。根据上下句的结构和词的减少，来判断变为哪一种形式的疑问句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改为感叹句。根据所给的句子结构和单词的词性，来确定使用哪一种感叹句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同义句转换。
根据上句，写出一个意思相同(或相近)的下句，此类形式繁多，内容复杂，涉及面广，归类如下：
1、同义词或词组之间的转换。(通常上下句时态保持一致)。
常见的同义词或词组有：(1)四个“花费”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三个“到达”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四个“收到…来信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)两个“擅长于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)两个“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三个“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)两个“玩得开心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“给…打电话”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飞往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自学”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面帮助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/会…can-be able to(14)更喜欢…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充满了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放弃干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顾/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展览 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)举手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，终于at last-in the end(24)与…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)从…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火车/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行车去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)为…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)独自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同义句型之间的`转化。常见的同义句型有①It seems that 从句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…与when/after/before引导的时间状语从句的转换 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引导的条件状语从句的转化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、现在完成时态中的一句多译。在现在完成时态中，结束性动词不能与时间段连用，必须改成相应的延续性动词。常见的动词转换有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+组织/be a +成员, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、简单句与复合句之间的转换。
①含宾语从句的复合句与简单句的转换。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑问代词/副词引导的宾语从句可转化为“疑问句+不定式”结构。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
②由when/after/before/while/since/until引导的时间状语从句可转化为when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+数词+years old→at the age of+岁数
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
③由so…that…引导的结果状语从句可转化为too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
④由so that 引导的目的状语从句可转化为in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
⑤由because 引导的原因状语从句可转化为because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
⑥定语从句可以转化为介词短语或分词短语。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列连词neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…连句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词依靠近它的主语而定，即“就近原则”，但是both…and用来连接两个主语时，谓语复数。
7、主动语与被动语态的互变。
“主动”变“被动”实行“三变二不变”原则。“三变”即是主语，谓语和宾语的变化，“二不变”即时态不变，句式不变。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性动词make或感观性动词see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主动语态中所带省to的不定式宾补变为被动语态时，必须加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容词、副词二级之间的转化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
Ⅵ.解题指导
要做好句型转换题，必须注意如下几点：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英语的不同结构表达技巧。
2、弄清题意，明确题目考查点，了解题目所给句子与答句之间的关系。
3、注意从多角度，全方位考虑问题，突破难点，注意复查，看是否按要求完成了转换。
通过上述的归纳和指导，可以理清学生的“依章办事”的解题思路，养成“有条不紊”的解题习惯，培养多角度思维解题的能力，从而达到提高学习效率的目的。
特殊疑问句
注：1、一般情况：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。
2、特殊疑问词在句中充当成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、读降调。
5、常用疑问词：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
对划线部分提问。(把各句变为特殊疑问句)
1、 对主语(人)提问：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 对表语(人)提问：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 对介宾(人)提问：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 对动宾(人)提问：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 对间宾(人)提问：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 对主语(东西)提问：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 对表语(东西)提问：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 对动宾(东西)提问：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9对职业(提问)提问：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.对介宾(东西)提问：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、对是什么提问：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、对计算结果提问：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、对年级提问：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、对班级提问：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、对年级和班级提问：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、对排提问:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、对年级、班级、排提问时，问句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小写形式.
3,what根据实际译为汉语.
17、对学号提问:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、对后置定语提问:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、对颜色提问:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、对几点几分提问:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、对名字提问:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、对前置定语提问:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、对表语(名物代)提问:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、对后置定语提问:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、对后置定语提问:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、对主语(名物代)提问:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、对定语(形物代)提问:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、对定语(名词所有格)提问:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、对表语(名词所有格)提问：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30对身体提问：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、对年龄提问：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、对天气提问：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、对语言提问：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、对方式提问：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、对程度提问：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、对数量提问：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、对价格提问：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，对价格提问，be 应根据后面的主语而定。
2，单位yuan在问句中去掉。
38、对距离提问：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、对长度提问：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、对for+一段时间提问：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必须是延续性动词。
41、对星期提问：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、对in+一段时间提问：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、对频度副词提问：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、对范围内的次数提问：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、对宽度提问：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、对原因状语提问：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因为”的连词有since, as , for, because.
47、对时间状语提问：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、对地点状语提问：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、对几月几日提问：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、对种类(后置定语)提问：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、对作什么提问：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟记变特殊疑问句时，容易判断错的情况。
1、 数词
表示年龄：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示时间：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示价格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 长度和距离
表示距离：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示长度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 颜色，东西
表示颜色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示颜色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名词所有格和人
表示名词所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同义句转换的九种类型
同义句转换题是近几年中考英语的一个常考题型，其出题形式通常是同时给出两个句子，第一句完整，第二句中设有几处空格，要求考生填入适当的词或词组，使第二句的意思与第一句意思相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析，我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面：
一、运用同义词(组)进行转换
用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案为everywhere。everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案为looks after。take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。
二、运用反义词(组)的否定式进行转换
即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词(词组)的积累和换位思维的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案为same as。be different from意为“与……不同”;the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案为don’t，more。less important的意思是“没有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，该结构与not连用，则表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案为borrowed，from。borrow…from意为“向……借……”;lend…to意为“把……借给……”。两个结构意思相反，但若变换“借出者”与“借入者”的位置，则可转换为同义句。
三、运用不同语态进行转换
即运用主动语态与被动语态的变化来转换同义词，但此时要特别注意时态、动词一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案为be given back。被动句中含有情态动词should，因此助动词用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案为are，used。computers是复数名词，助动词用are。
四、非延续性动词与延续性动词的相互转换
即非延续性动词与延续性动词进行转换，此时往往会涉及时态的变化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案为has been away。leave为非延续性动词，不能与for two hours这样的一段时间连用，而改成be away这样的延续性动词后，则可连用一段时间。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案为on for。has been提示时态是现在完成时态，“for+时间段”表示“持续(一段时间)”，常用在含有现在完成时态的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暂动词join，意为“参加、加入(组织，政党)”，不能与延续时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、运用不同引语进行转换
即将直接引语变为间接引语或将间接引语转换成直接引语。此时还要注意相关时态、人称、动词、状语等相应的变化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案为told，had found。此题是将直接引语转换成间接引语。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案为asked if/ whether, before。此题是将疑问句的直接引语转换成间接引语。
六、运用简单句与复合句之间的转换
即将简单句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的简单句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案为because of。将原因状语从句because it was raining改为表示原因的介词短语because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案为too excited to。将so…that…换成too…to…结构，原句的that从句为结果状语从句，改写句中的不定式仍表结果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案为how you can。即将原句中的“疑问词+不定式”结构转换成宾语从句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案为after using。即将after引导的状语从句改写为after引导的介词短语。
七、运用并列句与复合句之间的转换
即将并列句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案为If，don’t。if引导条件状语从句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案为who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week为定语从句，修饰先行词the man。
八、运用关联连词连接或合并句子
即运用关联连词both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等将两个简单句合并为一个简单句。此时要注意的是，both…and…连接两个主语时，谓语总是用复数，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词通常应与靠近的主语保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(两者)都不”，刚好与原句的两个否定结构的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案为Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(两者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案为not only，but also。表示“不仅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或结构进行转换
这类典型结构如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案为so do。句意为“……他的父母也一样(一样想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案为didn’t，until。not…until意为“直到……才”。
初中英语语法总结5
不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如to write)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
不定式的用法
1)不定式结构作主语
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的.逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb.to do sth.结构表达It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。
及物动词+带to的不定式结构：只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式这类动词常见的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英语语法总结，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常见的疑问代(副)词有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达动词(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英语语法总结6
名词
名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece
of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名词复数的规则变化
A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es
C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es
D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es
名词的所有格
A. 单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)
代词
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词
人称代词
第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself复数
they them their theirs themselves
物主代词
物主代词的用法形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词;名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
反身代词
反身代词的构成分两种第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
反身代词的用法一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如I can do it myself.
指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法
● 为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代词
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠词
不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.
定冠词的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。
定冠词的.特殊用法
A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
F. 用在乐器名称前。
G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。
名词前不用冠词的情况
A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。
D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那个医院里
初中英语语法总结7
用一个句子作状语，这个句子就是状语从句。状语从句通常用来修饰句子、动词或形容词，表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较等。引导状语从句的连词叫从属连词。
16-1 时间状语从句
在句中相当于时间状语的从句叫时间状语从句。时间状语从句常由从属连词when，while，as，before，after，as soon as，since，till，until等引导。如：
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你长大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那儿就给你打电话。
1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词及用法
(1)when，while，as引导时间状语从句意为“当……时”。如：
When the clock struck twelve ，all the lights went out.当时钟敲了十二下，灯全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ，his wife was cooking.彼得看书的时候，他妻子在做饭。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起来时，把杯子摔碎了。
注意：
①when表示“当……时”，多用来表示时间点，也可表示时间段;从句中既可以用非延续性动词，也可用延续性动词;when 从句多用一般过去时，主句时态没有限制，根据具体情况而定;在将来时态中，常用when引导从句，且从句须用一般现在时代替将来时;when表示时间段时可与while通用，但从句中必须用延续性动词。如：
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走进我房间时，我正在看书。
When I got to the airport，the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week，I'll talk with him about this.下周经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。
②while表示“当……的时候;在……之时;在……期间”，所引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词，且通常用进行时。如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper，I was watching TV.当妻子在看报纸的时候，我在看电视。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。
③as引导时间状语从句时，从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。当从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词，表示“当……的时候”时，往往可以与when或while通用，但as更侧重主句与从句的行为同时发生，常译作“随着……;一边……，一边……”。如：
Kate read the book as she went along.凯特边走边读书。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我们边听课边记笔记。
(2)before引导时间状语从句意为“在……之前”。如：
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火车停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.过马路之前左右两边都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我来这儿之前，一点英语都不懂。
(3)after引导时间状语从句意为“在……之后”。如：
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door，he left.他锁上门之后就走了。
注意：
为了表明动作的先后，从句中动词可用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。如：
After he had finished his work，he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后，和朋友下了一会儿棋。
(4)until，till引导时间状语从句意为“直到……为止”。如：
They waited till/until I returned.他们一直等到我回来。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反复地解释直到学生听懂了为止。
注意：
①until在肯定句中只与延续性动词连用，在否定句中通常与非延续性动词连用，表示相应动作开始的时间，意为“直到……才”。如：
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回来他才离开。
②till用作连词，与until同义，两者经常可换用，只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文体中，一般用 until，而在口语或非正式文体中则两者都可。till多与名词或较短的从句连用，而较长较复杂的成分多用 until;在句子开头时，用 until而不用till。如：
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在东京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回来之前，什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回来之前，什么也不能做。
(5)since引导时间状语从句意为“自……以来”
Since I left school，I have written to him twice.自从我离开学校以来，我已经给他写过两封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自从他离开上海以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。
注意：
since引起的时间状语从句通常用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时态。如：
I've worked here since I left school.自我离开学校以来我一直在这里工作。
(6)as soon as引导时间状语从句意为“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到这里就告诉你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想见他。
2.时间状语从句的时态
(1)当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，由when，before，after，as soon as，until 等连词引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一见到他，就告诉他这个好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.这个男孩长大后将成为一名作家。
(2)当主句的谓语含有can，may，must等情态动词时，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作业后就可以回家。
When the lights are red，the traffic must stop .红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父亲到来之前你可以在这儿等着。
(3)当主句的谓语是want，hope，wish等动词的一般现在时形式时，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的.时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他长大后想当一名医生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大学毕业后想在美国工作。
(4)当主句是祈使句时，由when，before，after，until等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽车停下来再下车。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作业之前，请不要睡觉。
(5)当主句谓语用一般过去时，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句也要用一般过去时。如：
They talked about the party after people left .人们离开后，他们谈论这次晚会情况。
(6)当before引导的时间状语从句是过去时态，主句一般用过去完成时，有时也用一般过去时。如：
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前学了三年日语。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到这里来之前不认识我。
(7)since引导的时间状语从句要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词要用延续性动词，通常用现在完成时;用非延续性动词时，要用否定式。如：
He has waited here since you left .自从你走之后他一直在这等着。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他毕业后再没去过学校。
注意：
在It is+时间+since从句结构中，主句用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。如：
It is three years since I began to study English.我开始学英语已经有三年了。
3.时间状语从句的位置
(1)when，before，after，as，while，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的位置可位于句首，也可位于句末。放在句首时，从句后通常用逗号与主句隔开，放在句末时，从句与主句之间一般不用逗号，只在句末用句号或问号。如：
When you came to see me，I was ready to leave.你来看我时，我正准备离开。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看电视时，你给我打了电话。
After she cleaned the classroom，she went home.她打扫完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的时间状语从句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自从来到这个学校以来就一直在学英语。
初中英语语法总结8
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词的三个作用代替先行词，在定语从句中作某种成分，连接先行词与定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which。
关系代词who，whom的用法
关系代词who和whom用来指人。先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语时用关系词who，作宾语时用关系词whom或who。在现代英语中常常用who代替whom。如
This is the man who helped me yesterday.这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语)
注意
①关系词在从句中作宾语时，常常被省略。如
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你们谈论的那个人是我们的校长。
②介词后的宾语只能用关系词whom，不可用关系词who。如
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.刚才和你说话的那个人是个演员。
关系代词that的.用法
关系代词that既可用来指人，也可用来指物，指人时可代替关系词who、whom，指物时可代替关系词which。that在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语;作宾语或表语时可省略;作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前，否则需要用关系词who或which替代。如
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演讲的那个人是谁?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他们正在谈论的那个人是谁?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永远也找不回来失去的时间。
关系代词which的用法
关系代词which用来指物，在从句中作主语、宾语。which引导定语从句有时可以与that互换使用;作宾语时可以省略。如
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last
year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)
关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose通常用来指人，但有时也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，而且不能省略;whose指物时可以与of which互换使用。如
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵红色叶子的树是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very
beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
初中英语语法总结9
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词
ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither…nor,
either…or 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定
并列主语
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that, 主语用it
nothing,this
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you？
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式
must表"推测" 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句
对上述的反意疑问句快速记忆表的总结，同学们是否懂了呢？
初中英语语法大全：动词的种类
关于英语中动词的种类知识，希望同学们很好的掌握下面的内容学习。
动词的种类
动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。
1．行为动词
行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。
如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2．连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3．助动词
助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如：
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的"能"；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而"能"。
b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为"必须"，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为"不得不"，它可用于各种时态。
c．need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。
以上对动词的种类知识的内容讲解学习，相信同学们已经能很好的掌握了吧，希望同学们在考试中取得很好的成绩。
初中英语语法大全：动词不定式的形式
对于英语的学习中，关于动词不定式的形式知识点的内容，我们做下面的讲解学习哦。
动词不定式的形式
1．作主语。 如：
To learn English is very important.
但实际上不定式作主语常用 it来作形式主语，而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。
如上句可表达为：
It's very important to learn English.
2．作表语。 如：
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3．作宾语。 如：
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4．作宾语补足语。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如： The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如： We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。
如： In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语，可带to也可不带to。
如： Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5．作定语。
a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词，后面的介词千万不要省略。
如： Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。
如： Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。
如： I have no time to play cards.
6．作状语，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。
如： I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7．不定式复合结构"for sb. to do sth" 作主语时，常用"It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth"的句式。形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用"It is +adj +of sb. to do sth."
其他形容词用 for。
如：
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8．动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。
如： I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面结构相当于一个从句，故上述句子也可表达为：
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意：
a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式，只能接动词的-ing形式。
如： enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如： The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些动词后可接不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式，但意思不同。
如： Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
希望上面对动词不定式的形式知识的内容讲解学习，同学们都能很好的掌握，相信同学们会取得很好的成绩的哦。
初中英语语法大全：短语动词的四种类型
同学们认真学习，下面是老师对短语动词的'四种类型知识总结。
短语动词的四种类型
动词与介词、副词等构成的固定短语，叫短语动词。主要有四类：
一、动词+副词
有的一般不跟宾语，如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等；有的可以跟宾语，如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意：宾语是名词时，放在副词前面或后面都可以，但若作宾语的是人称代词时，就只能放在动词和副词之间了。如：
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我们决定把会议推迟。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我们决定将它推迟。(不说put off it)
二、动词+介词
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必须接宾语。如：
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜欢喝茶。
三、动词+副词+介词
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如：
She soon caught up with us. 她很快赶上了我们。
四、动词+名词+介词
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出贡献等。如：
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的时候，你要照顾好你弟弟。
希望上面老师对短语动词的四种类型知识的讲解学习，同学们都能很好的掌握，相信同学们会学习的很好的哦。
初中英语语法大全：及物动词与不及物动词
关于英语中及物动词与不及物动词的知识学习，我们做下面的内容讲解。
及物动词与不及物动词
根据其后是否带宾语，动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语)。如：
When will he arrive? 他什么时候到？(arrive 不带宾语，为不及物动词)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。(reach 带了宾语，为及物动词)
有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词：
The child is playing. 这小孩在玩。（不及物用法）
The child is playing the piano. 这小孩在弹钢琴。（及物用法）
He is writing. 他在写字。（不及物用法）
He is writing a letter. 他在写信。（及物用法）
The boy is reading. 这男孩在阅读。 （不及物用法）
The boy is reading a magazine. 这男孩在看杂志。（及物用法）
上面对及物动词与不及物动词知识的内容讲解学习，希望给同学们的学习很好的帮助，相信同学们会学习的更好的吧。
初中英语语法大全：实义动词与非实义动词
下面是对英语中实义动词与非实义动词知识的内容讲解，希望同学们很好的掌握。
实义动词与非实义动词
根据其含义和句子功用，动词可分为实义动词和非实义动词(包括时态助动词和情态助动词等)。如：
He bought a story book. 他买了一本故事书。(buy 为实义动词)
He has read the story book. 他已读过这本故事书。(has 为时态助动词，read为实意动词)
He should read the story book. 他应该读读这本故事书。(should 为情态助动词,red为实义动词)
上面对实义动词与非实义动词知识的内容讲解学习，相信同学们已经能很好的掌握了吧，希望同学们考试成功。
初中英语语法总结10
介词又叫前置词，在句子中不能单独使用，总是与其后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的词一起构成介词短语，表达多种不同的意义。
介词具有以下3大特点：
1、介词后面的词作介词的宾语，被称作介词宾语。
2、介词后面的代词需用宾格形式。
3、介词后面的动词要用动名词形式。
介词的用法
介词不能单独使用，介词和介词的宾语一起构成介词短语，在句中作主语、表语、补足语、定语、状语、插入语。介词短语有6种基本用法。
作主语
介词短语作主语，位于句子开头。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 2 hours' flight.从上海到北京要飞大约4个小时。
注意介词短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
作定语
介词短语作定语，放在所修饰的词的`后面，作后置定语。
The girl in red is my sister.穿红衣服的那个女孩是我妹妹。
作表语
介词短语作表语，放在连系动词的后面。
Our English teacher is in the office .我们的英语老师在办公室。
She looks like her mother .她看上去像她妈妈。
作宾语补足语
介词短语作宾语补足语，放在宾语的后面补充说明宾语是什么或怎么样。
I always find her at her studies .我总是发现她在学习。
When she woke up，she found herself in hospital .当她醒来时，她发现自己躺在医院里。
作状语
介词短语作状语，大都位于句末，有时也位于句子开头，表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等。
Can you sing this song in English ?你会用英语唱这首歌吗?(方式状语)
I'll meet you at your school gate .我将在你们学校门口接你。(地点状语)
I was playing computer games at eight this morning.今天上午8点我在玩电脑游戏。(时间状语)
Because of the traffic ，I was late for class.因为交通原因我上课迟到了。(原因状语)
作插入语
介词短语作插入语，位于句首或句中。
He was too careless;in a word ，he made too manymistakes.他太粗心，总之，他出的错太多。
初中英语语法总结11
在英语中，to一词用法及其灵活。除了常见“to do”结构外，to还有介词和副词的用法。但我们大都是听过记忆类似“be devoted to
doing”这种所谓的固定搭配学习，却不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的含义具体分别如下：
1. 向，对着(某方向或某处)：He walked to the school.他朝学校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落着很多楼房。
3. 到，达(某处)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的长发垂到地上。
4. 到，达(某状态)：He always tries to work to perfection. 他总是努力将工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物馆开放时间为9:00到17:00。
6. 差，离：It is ten to ten. 现在是十点差十分。(9:50)
7. 给(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 妈妈送我生日礼物。
8. 对于，关于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你对这个小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示两件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印机与电脑相连。
10. 属于，归于(表示两事物或两人之间的关系)：the key to the door门的.钥匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主义是对和平的威胁。
12. 表示引出比较的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，妈妈更喜欢游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中国以六比二赢得比赛。
13. 等于，每(表示数量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分钟六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我们将为地震中牺牲的战士修建纪念碑。
15. 伴随：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人随音乐换新起舞。
16. 为了给(用于表示动作的动词后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸冲过去。
17. 适合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我惊讶的是，杰克竟能通过考试。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 对我而言，对错都不重要。
以上是to 作为介词的主要用法，另外，to用作副词还有“关着”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 请推门关上。
2. to and fro 来来回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他难以冷静下来，在房里走来走去。
初中英语语法总结12
规则变化
范围 变化规则 例词
大部分形容词 加ly careless----carelessly
quiet----quietly
different----differently
辅音加le结尾的形容词 变le为ly possible----possibly
terrible----terribly
comfortable----comfortably
gentle----gently
simple----simply
whole-wholly(例外)
元音字母加le结尾的形容词 加ly sole-solely
以y结尾且读音为 / i /结尾的形容词 变le为ly easy----easily angry----angrily
noisy----noisily happy----happily
heavy----heavily healthy----healthily
以y结尾且读音为 / ei /结尾的的形容词 加ly shy-shyly
dry-dryly
gay--gayly/gaily
不规则变化
本身既是形容词也是副词，无需改变 fast----fast
early----early
high----high
hard----hard
late----late
far----far
wide----wide
alone----alone
形容词和副词为完全不同的单词 good----well
初中阶段唯一一个需要去掉字母e的'单词 true----truly
虽然以ly结尾，但却是形容词，不能直接用来修饰动词 friendly
lively
lovely
lonely
Likely
有些形容词本身即为副词，同时也有加ly的副词形式。但加不加ly意思不一样，使用时需注意
wide(形容词，宽阔的，睁大的)----wide(副词，睁大地)/widely(副词，广泛地),late(形容词，晚的)-----late(副词，晚地)，lately(最近)
high(形容词，高的)----high(副词，高地)/highly(副词，高度地)
特别容易犯错的副词
形容词 副词 备注
hard hard hard副词容易写成hardly, hardly意思为“几乎不”，与hard无任何关系
friendly 无 不能用friendly直接修饰动词，只能改成in a friendly way“用一种友好的方式”。如：
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
excited excitedly 容易拼错
healthy healthily 容易拼错
polite politely 不用去掉字母e。类似的词还有：widely, nicely, closely,
初中英语语法总结13
一.英语语法重点与难点
1、 as…as…结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to与 so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的转换：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义：
约翰不象迈克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考点—词组
1. after, in 这两个介词都可以表示“……(时间)以后”的`意思
after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问?如:How long ago was it?
这是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频率副词或状语(如once a week等)提问?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久来一次?每月一次。
how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能赶来?
初中英语语法总结14
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)几种替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的.各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
SPAN> 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
初中英语语法总结15
感叹句是表示惊异和喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由what和how开头，句末用感叹号，读时用降调。How修饰形容词、副词或句子;What修饰名词。
what引起的感叹句结构
What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是个)多么聪明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(这是个)多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天气啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它们是)多么漂亮的花啊!
注意
在感叹句中，What a/an 常用来修饰单数可数名词，若其前面的形容词为元音开头，则用an。what
用来修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。但有些不可数名词，如 rain，surprise，breakfast，lunch
等，当前面有形容词修饰，使抽象名词具体化时，则要用 what a/an，如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一场雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!这多么令人惊奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么丰盛的一顿早餐啊!
How引起的感叹句结构
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!如
How well you look!你气色真好!
How kind you are!你心肠真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好听!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!这个男孩多么聪明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成为一名医生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都长这么大啦!
How you've changed!你的变化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有点东西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息传得多快!人们一定都知道你到城里来了。
what感叹句与how感叹句的转换
what感叹句和how感叹句有时候可以相互转换。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!这本书多有趣啊!
没有感叹词的感叹句
感叹句除用what和how引出外，还可有其他许多形式，如可用陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等表达感叹语气，有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可用作感叹句。如
Stop talking!不要讲话了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天气真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!这花园今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速递】
[上海中考考题] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[广东中考考题]Tommy，_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山东济南中考考题] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK，Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陕西中考考题] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林长春中考考题] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考题] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案点拨】
答案C 句意Emma在联合国会议上做了一场非常精彩的演讲。由句意可知考查感叹句;由中心词speech可知用what
a引起感叹句，故选C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意汤米，下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽车可能会撞着你。由句意可知这里考查祈使句的否定式，故选B。
答案B 句意“现在就穿衣服!十分钟之内我们必须走。”“好的，妈妈。”由句意可知这是一个祈使句，动词要用原形。故选B。
答案D
句意“蓝天救援队的志愿者已在山中救出了许多游客。”“他们是多么伟大的人啊!”由句意可知后句为感叹句;由感叹句中的`they可知man用复数men，且用what引起感叹句，故选D。
答案B 句意这是多么棒的消息呀!我们下周将有一个学校旅行。news是不可数名词，用what引导感叹句，故选B。
答案C 句意“在这次端午节你看过龙舟赛了吗?”“是的。多么精彩的比赛啊!”由句末的复数名词races可知用what引导感叹句，故选C。
【语法专练 体验中考】
[山东济南] — Making paper bottles?Wow，_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西宁] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林长春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考题] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龙江齐齐哈尔] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黄石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble，and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella，or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龙江绥化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways，Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山东泰安] As we all know，life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重庆考题] — Jack，don't always copy what others do._____ your
head，please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速递】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
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