英语语法知识点【精选】
在日常的学习中，大家都没少背知识点吧？知识点也不一定都是文字，数学的知识点除了定义，同样重要的公式也可以理解为知识点。想要一份整理好的知识点吗？以下是小编精心整理的英语语法知识点，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语语法知识点1
不定代词:凡不是用来指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语,宾语，表语和定语。不定代词包括：
some,any,no,every
-thing:something,anything,nothing,everything
-one:someone,anyone,anything,everyone
-where:somewhere,anywhere,anywhere,everywhere
-body:somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody
例子：
1)Help!Somebody?Anybody?
2)Where did you go?I went nowhere.
3)Nobody is athome.
4)You are really something.
5)I looked for my book everywhere,but I cant find it anywhere.
6)If you want to go somewhere,if you want to be someone,you must wake up.
7)Since everybody is here,lets begin our class.
英语语法知识点2
不定冠词
不定冠词a，an与one同源，表示微弱的一的概念，但并不强调数目，用来表示不确定的.人或事物。
A用在辅音前，而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。
a university in Asia
1.表示同类中的任何一个
A cat has nine lives.
2.表示泛指的某人、某物
I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.
3.表示数量的
He has a daughter.
4. 表示单位数量的每一
I earn 10 dollars an hour.
5.表示相同的
The two birds are of a color.
6. 用于集体名词前
He grows up in a large family.
英语语法知识点3
不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如to write)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
不定式的用法
1)不定式结构作主语
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb.to do sth.结构表达It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的'不定式。
及物动词+带to的不定式结构：只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式这类动词常见的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英语语法总结，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常见的疑问代(副)词有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达动词(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
英语语法知识点4
不定代词
<例句>
I have no idea about it.
对此我一无所知。
<语法分析>
不定代词no在句子中作定语，此外，every也可作定语。除了这两个词外，其他的不定代词既可用作名词也可用作形容词，大多数在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语等。
<触类旁通>
(1) Someone (somebody) has turned off the light.
有人把灯关了。
语法分析：合成不定代词someone和somebody意思相同，都表示“某人”，但只用于肯定句，在否定句及疑问句中通常用anybody或anyone。
(2) Everybody (everyone) laughed, me included.
大家都笑了，我也笑了。
语法分析：everybody和everyone意思相同，表示“人人”、“大家”。
(3) Did any of your photos come out well?
你的照片洗出来都不错吗?
语法分析：any可代表可数名词或不可数名词名词，在句子中作主语或宾语等，可用于否定句及疑问句，肯定句用some。
(4) She is in no mood (not in a mood) for jokes.
她没有心情说笑话。
语法分析：no可构成否定句，等于not a。
(5) I never saw so many swans on the lake .
我从未见过湖面上有这么多天鹅。
语法分析：many修饰可数名词，可用在疑问句，否定句及肯定句中，还可与too, so等词连用，much, few及little也可表示数量，与many一样，都可用作定语。
(6) None of us would have said such a thing.
我们谁也不会说出这种话来。
语法分析：none和no一样，都是否定词，none可用作主语、宾语或介词宾语及同位语。
英语语法知识点5
1. be动词的否定式
be 动词根据不同的人称和时态有不同的形式，在一般现在时中是am , is , are可用作联系动词，构成否定式时，一律在其后面加否定词not.
He is reading. --- He is not reading. They are from China. --- They are not from China.
2. 情态动词的否定式
情态动词的否定式是在其后面直接加not. 如：
I can swim. --- I can’t swim. He can dance. --- He can’t dance. You should go to school at seven. --- You shouldn’t go to school at seven.
3. 实义动词的否定句
实义动词变否定句时，要借助助动词do , does，在一般现在时中用do或者does其句子结构为：主语+ don’t / doesn’t + 动词原形+其它 例如：
I like pop music. --- I don’t like pop music. He likes running. --- He doesn’t like running.
She does her homework at home. --- She doesn’t do her homework at home
初中英语句型分类知识点详解：一般否定句与特指否定句
1. 一般否定句
句型1[主语+特殊定式动词+not+行为动词或表语+其他]
1. China of today is not what it was thirty years ago.
2. "Isn't that Teddy Thomson out?"-"I think it's him, but I can't be a hundred percent sure."
3. "Oh, sir, he can't have said such a thing! He can't have spoken like that to you, sir!"
4. We must not wait for favors from Nature; we must take them from her.
5. I haven't finished the book yet. 6. Money could not buy happiness.
[注1] He is no fool. Great barkers are no biters.
[注2] 二十四个特殊定式动词：
句型2[主语+do(does, did)+ not+行为动词+其他]
1. Sorrow doesn't buy bread. 2. Pure gold does not dread fire.
3. "Why is Mr. Cooper so angry today?"-"I don't know why."
4. "They did not steal so much."-"I don't care how much." He said, "… A thief is a thief."
句型3[主语+ 行为动词+ no/not+宾语+其他]
1. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
2. Viola, hearing this, knew not how to behave, nor how to answer her.
3. I know not what course others may take, but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
4. We are fleet-winged men at arms; we fear not mountains high or rivers deep.
句型4[There be+ no/not/not any+主语(+状语)]
1. There was no well in the village at that time.
2. Oliver Twist was born in a workhouse… There were no aunts, no sisters, no cousins, no grand mothers.
3. There is not a moment to be lost. 4. There is no holding back the wheel of history
[附注] 一般否定句的其他表达方式：
1. Who knows it? (=No one knows it.) Dare he do it? (=He dare not do it.)
2. God only knows! (=No one knows.) As if I would allow it! (= I would certainly not allow it.)
3. Catch me doing that!
4. If I do I am a villain. (=I will not do.) Do that again if you dare.
5. In Heaven, an angel is nobody in particular. They shun personal fame and gains.
6. The city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and a nuclear weapon-free zone. The building is in a state of neglect.
7. She stood still, trying winly (in vain) to answer the battery of questions raised by the reporters.
8. I dislike the idea very much. Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country. Yesterday she failed to get to school on time. The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt. They excluded children (from) getting in. We'll forever live up to what the party expects of us. Avoid operating the keys roughly. She was refused admittance by them.
9. Slips are scarcely avoidable when you're new to your work. He is ignorant of conditions at the levels. Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army pf the people.
10. The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up. Lei Feng's noble deeds are above all praise. To do this is beyond my ability. He is out of the office. (= He is not in the office.) Tom is away from Cambridge. (= Tom is not at Cambridge.) It is far from perfect. That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination (or: That strengthened, rather than weakened, our determination.) The truth is quite other than what you think. I know better than to quarrel.
2. 特指否定句
句型5[…not+非谓语成分…]
1. Not a soul was anywhere visible. 2. You must always remember not to become conceited.
3. The teacher told his pupils not to make such a mistake again.
4. I went to see him off, not to meet him. 5. We felt sorry for not coming on time
句型6[主语+否定式谓语+(宾语)+状语或从句(被否定部分)]
1. I don't think it is right to make such hasty decision. 2. I'm not feeling very well today.
3. I don't believe that he will come tomorrow.
4. You can't judge a thing only by its looks.
5. He's studying English now, but he doesn't speak English very well yet.
6. People did not shake off colonialist's yoke in order to put on hegemonist's yoke.
7. Don't think ill of me because I use her help. She gives it cheerfully as you see…
返回：初中英语句型分类知识点详解
初中英语句型分类知识点详解：部分否定句与全体否定句
部分否定句
句型7[All, every等总括词…not+谓语动词…]
1. All is not gold that glitters. 2. All is not lost that is in peril.
3. And yet all did not go smoothly between them, for the younger man…had his heart set on New York.
4. I don't like both of the novels. 5. Every one cannot make music.
6. Everybody, it is true, wouldn't like it. 7. Such a thing is not found everywhere.
8. The good and the beautiful do not always go together.
9. A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom. 10. I don't wholly agree.
[注] Some people like that sort of thing; Some don't.
全体否定句
句型8[no, none等否定词…+肯定式谓语+其他]
1. Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.
2. No trickery can fool us. 3. None of my friends smoke.
4. I could remember neither the name of the author nor the title of the book.
5. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
6. The book was nowhere to be found. 7. Neither of the sisters is here.
8. Never have we been daunted by difficulties.
句型9[主语+否定式谓语+不定代词或不定副词]
1. I do not know any of them. 2. I did not receive any letters yesterday.
3. I don't like either of the novels. 4. Justice must not be denied to anyone.
5. Did you go any where yesterday?-No, I didn't go anywhere yesterday.
6. Anyhow I shall not go today.
[注] 不可说 "anybody cannot do it." 只能说 "nobody can do it."
句型10[All等概括词+肯定式谓语+含否定意义的单词…]
1. All germs are invisible to the naked eye. 2. All his plans came to nothing.
3. Both visitors are unwelcome. 4. Every plan made by him is impossible of execution.
5. We all disbelieve in the existence of God. 6. Their quarrels are always interminable.
返回：初中英语句型分类知识点详解
初中英语句型分类知识点详解：延续否定句与半否定句
延续否定句
句型11[(前句)否定句，+(后句)否定句]
1. "Oh, no, no, no and again no," said Pinocchio. "I must be a good boy."
2. "Am I troubling you?"-"no, not in the least."
3. I shall never do it, not under any circumstances.
4. We must not think of him as a big, strong boy. Far from it!
5. I don't know how much you've got, and I dare say you hardly know yourself, as it would take a pretty long time to count it.
句型12[(前句) 主语+否定式谓语…，( 后句)not+ (同前)主语]
1. I'll not do such a thing, not I. 2. He will not break his word, not he.
3. They will not be discouraged, not they. 4. Tom cannot speak Russian, not he.
句型13[(前句) 否定句，+ ( 后句)not/neither]
1. Frieda didn't go to the dance, neither did Fanny. 2. You can't do it, nor can anybody else.
3. You did not see him, neither did I. 4. Are you not going? Neither am I.
5. Oliver did not come that day, nor the next day; nor the next after that, nor for many, many days after.
6. I know not what, nor where, neither what latitude, what country, what nation, or what river. I neither saw, nor desired to see any people; the principal thing I wanted was fresh water.
[注1] 有时根据意义上的需要，下列句子是允许的。
I thought of him (=I didn't forget him), nor did I forget you.
[注2] 前句用little, hardly等半否定词，后句同样可跟延续否定句。
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
句型14[(前句)否定句，+(后句)no/not/nor…either…(or)…]
1. We are not in the wrong, nor (is) John either. 2. I cannot sing, I cannot dance, either.
3. Mary has no brothers, no cousins, either. 4. I don't know it. You don't know either?
5. China will not be a superpower, not either today or ever in the future.
[注] 英语中"也"的概念在肯定句中通常用too, also或…and as well
句型15[主语+否定式谓语…，+增强语气词(much, still, even, far, a lot, a great deal 等)+ less +名词词组或从句]表示"…, 更不用说…"。
1. I could not assent to, much less participate in such proceedings.
2. …he dared not openly charge her with the attempt, much less punish her for it.
3. He doesn't like music, still less dancing.
4. I did not even see him, still less shake hands with him.
5. I have no mind (idea) to lend this book to anyone, much less to part with it. (割爱)
[注] (much, still, even, far, a lot, a great deal 等)+more也用于追补某些未说完的内容， 但much more只用于肯定句，不能引导延续否定句。 如: I like music, much more dancing. He speaks French, much more English.
Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberty, much more his life.
句型16[主语+否定式谓语…; +to say nothing of/ not to speak of/ not to mention+名词词组]
[主语+否定式谓语…; let alone+名词词组或从句]
1. He does not know English, to say nothing of German or French.
2. In old china there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an aviation industry.
3. At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.
4. I don't know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus.
5. I never thought of it, let alone (或much less, still less) did I do it.
[注1] "not to say"与 "to say nothing of", 意思相差很远。"not to say"是"不到"的意思，如：It is warm, not to say hot.
[注2] apart from; independently of (姑且不说…) 如：Quite apart from (or independently of) saying a good deal of money in drawing illustrations myself, I derived much pleasure from it.
半否定句
句型17[主语+带hardly等半否定词的谓语+(其他)]
1. It scarcely matters. 2. I have hardly ever been out of London…
3. The downtown section of New York has hardly (almost not) a tree or a single blade of grass anywhere along the narrow dusty streets.
4. He would hardly recognize his home town if he saw it now.
5. We seldom hear such fine singing from school. 6. Little remains to be said.
句型18[半否定词+or/if +否定代词或否定副词+…]
1. Few, however, if any, besides the King himself believed that Hermione was guilty.
2. I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone.
3. She seldom or never (if ever) made a mistake. 4. Mr. Morris seldom or never went out.
5. Peter read little or nothing (little if anything) in summer vacation.
返回：初中英语句型分类知识点详解
初中英语句型分类知识点详解：双重否定句与排除否定句
双重否定句
句型19[主语+否定式谓语…+否定词/含否定意义的词+其他]
1. He doesn't lend his book to nobody. 2. You can't make something out of nothing.
3. I'll take it then. Not for nothing. I'll give you something in return.
4. I could not disobey him. Only one thing remained for me: to suffer and obey.
5. He was never dissatisfied with my work. 6. What's done cannot be undone.
7. This captain took a fancy to my conversation, which was not at all disagreeable at that time.
[注] 如果要用否定代词作主语，谓语要用肯定式。
Nothing is changeless. Nothing is without his faults. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
[主语+否定式谓语…+without+名词…/动名词]
句型20[(There be)+no+主语+词组或从句+without+名词…/动名词]
[It (或名词) is+否定词语+不定式+without+名词…/动名词]
1. We can live without food or water for some days, but without air we cannot live even a few minutes.
2. At the beginning of learning English he could not speak it without making mistakes.
3. There is no right to speak without investigation. 4. No gains without pains.
5. (There is) No sweet without (some) sweat.
6. Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement.
7. Without knowledge of science and technology it is impossible to build socialism.
8. It is impossible for your team to win without constant training.
[注1] 由第二式的省略 "no…without…"进一步紧缩的结果，便产生 "no…no…" 简略式，主要用于谚语格言。例如：No pains, no gains. No law, no liberty. No investigation, no right to speak. Nothing venture, nothing have. (nothing是no的派生词)
[注2] "not without…" 表示"不无…"、"不是没有…"的意思，是一种委婉的说法。
例如：Not without reason / not without some doubt I have brought back your man-not without risk and danger.
句型21[主语+ cannot+help/ refrain from/ keep from+动名词…]
1. Though Laurence had promised Keith not to see Wanda, he could not help going to her.
2. He (Shylock) could not help showing his pleasure. 3. I can't help admiring it whenever I look at it.
4. I could not refrain from retorting to hear such a lie. 5. I cannot keep from laughing to hear such a story.
句型22[主语+ cannot+but/ choose but/ help but+动词原形…]
1. "You cannot but feel already that it is useless staying here… you will have to go farther."
2. I can not but admire his courage. 3. We cannot (choose) but read books to increase our knowledge.
4. They cannot but admit that in certain aspects of science and technology we are away ahead of them.
句型23[主句(否定结构)+从句(否定结构)]
1. Nothing was useful which was not honest. 2. Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful.
3. I have never committed one act that was not in the interests of my people.
4. Bassanio, in his grief, replied that there was nothing he would not sacrifice.
句型24[(There be) No+ 主语+ but+ 谓语+ 其他]
1. There is no man but has his faults. 2. (There is) Nobody but has his faults. 3. No one but can do it.
4. There is no rule but has exceptions. 5. There is nobody but knows this matter.
句型25[第一分句(否定式谓语)+but +第二分句(肯定式谓语)]
1. It never rains but it pours.(=It never rains without pouring.)
2. I never see you but I think of my brother. 3. They never meet but they discuss this problem.
4. She never comes but she brings something for the children.
[注] 汉语中的双重否定句译成英语时不一定用双重否定句。"知无不言，言无不尽。"-- Say all you know and say it without reserve. "这样的人是没有不摔跤的。"-- Such people are bound to trip and fall.
排除否定句
句型26[主语+谓语+ beyond/ beyond the fact that…]
1. He did nothing beyond writing one letter.
2. He did not really know what he was going to say, beyond that the situation demanded something romantic.
3. Of Oliver Edwards, nothing, I believe, is known beyond the fact that he had been at Pembroke College with Johnson.
句型27[主语+谓语+ but/ but that/ barring…]
1. No one knows it but you and I. 2. He did nothing but wait for the result.
3. I have no secret of success but hard work.
4. I couldn't see but that the soldiers would fight and die for the sake of their country.
5. Who but he would do such a thing?
6. The meeting will be held next Tuesday barring unforeseen factors.
句型28[主语+谓语+except/ except that/ except for/ excepting/ …]
1. Everyone is ready except you.
2. No man ever became great or good except through many and great mistakes.
3. Except a living man there is nothing more wonderful than a book.
4. We lay there along time in silence, except that Webb groaned every now and then.
5. She is absolutely alone except for her son.
6. All the splendid furniture of his late residence had been sold, excepting his wife's harp.
句型29[主语+谓语+apart from/ aside from/ exclusive of/ with the exclusion of…]
1. Apart from the question of expense, it is too late. 2. Aside from this statement, he refused to talk.
3. The building will cost about 2,500,000 Yuan, exclusive of the machinery equipment.
4. The Canal system in China is the most extensive in the world with the exclusion of Netherland.
句型30[主语+谓语+save/ save that/ save for/ saving/ saving that…]
1. I do entreat you, not a man departs, save I alone, till antonym has spoken.
2. In this life we get nothing save by effort.
3. At this hour the great tunnel was quiet save when a train roared above.
4. All is lost save honor. 5. Saving his eyesight, he was as well as ever.
6. The bar was empty save for the landlord.
7. Saving that he failed in Latin, he did well.
句型31[主语+谓语+only that/ other than…]
1. I have nothing against him, only that I dislike his manner.
2. "Is anything the matter with Madeline?" - "No, papa, only I have got a headache."
3. It was fortified on all sides other than this.
4. You will generally suffer for wishing to appear other than what you are; whether it be greater, or more learned.
[注1] besides和apart from兼有"除外"和"包括"的意思。I care for nothing besides (apart from) this. (多用于否定句)
Apart from (Besides) English, he is also well versed in Russian. (多用于带有also等副词的肯定句)
[注2] in addition to有"包括"的意思, 如: In addition to John's being blamed for this, he was blamed also for breaking the window.
加强否定句
句型32[主语+强调词语+否定词+谓语动词+其他]
1. Hurling insults and threats is certainly not fighting. 2. It simply will not do!
3. We must not become complacent over any success.
4. We absolutely must not relax our will. 5. The nature of wolves will never change.
6. Without the Communist Party I should assuredly not be what I am today.
句型33[主语+be+ the last+名词+不定式…/从句]
1. For it was Oliver, his cruel brother-the last person Orlando would have expected to find there.
2. He is the last person to do such a thing. 3. This is the last place where I expected to have met you.
4. Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.
句型34[主语+谓语肯定式+含否定词语的成语+其他][主语+谓语否定式+含不定词语的成语+其他]
1. At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
2. Young people should on no account (=should not on any account) neglect their daily physical exercise.
3. We have ideals, but we are by no means visionaries. 4. He will in no wise give up study.
[注] 其他加强否定的方式：1. […be anything but…] (决不是) He is anything but a scholar.
2. [(There is) no+ V-ing] (决不可) There is no denying the fact. = It is absolutely impermissible to deny the fact. 因此语意比下句强，"It is impossible to deny the fact."
句型35[主语+否定式谓语+微量词+名词+其他]
1. We must never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses.
2. The mother did not have a wink of sleep the whole night on account of the child's high fever.
3. He did not breathe a single word about it.
4. Though I have walked twenty miles, I am not a bit tired.
5. The little boy is do full of energy that he refused to stay put for any length of time.
[注] 表示微量词的词组中以 in the least为最常见，不少的微量词可用它代替。如：
I am not in the least tired. I was not surprised in the least. That boy was not in the least afraid of the snake.
句型36[...否定词+名词+大范围词语...]
1. There will be no difficulty in the world which they cannot overcome.
2. The doctor was writing a book, but it went on so slowly that it would not be finished within a thousand years.
3. "Don't you dance?"-"I'm the world's worst dancer."
4. He was not at all confused. 5. It is of no value at all.
6. This is a historical trend no force on earth can hold back.
[附注1] 与汉语中的否定式相对应的英语不一定要用否定式。如："很不好"，不能译成英语的"very not good", 应换一种说法， "This is very bad.", "It is not good at all." 汉语"这事我一点也不知道"可译作 "I am quite in the dark about the matter."或 "About this I knew nothing." 汉语"我很不喜欢喝酒。"可译作为 "I dislike wine very much."或 "I am not a bit interested in wine./I don't like wine at all./I am the last person to like wine.
其次要注意分析。汉语"一窍不通"，是缩小否定数量的说法，最好译成 "be utterly ignorant"或 "not know the ABC of…/know nothing of… 又如"世界上一切事物无不具有两重性"，这里有几个强调的词语："世界上"，"一切事物"，"无不"。"一切事物"不能用all/all things, 因此只能用缩小量的说法。 "There is not a single thing in the world without a dual nature."
[附注2] 一般说来，只要需要，所有的肯定句都可以改为否定句，但一定要依照前面所介绍的各种句型的要求。此外，还应考虑以下几点：
1) 逻辑上说不过去的不能改为否定句。Where is Mary? 不能改为 where isn't Mary?
2) 句型要求不能用否定式的。How hard-working he is! 不能改为 how hard-working he isn't!
3) 除句型28中列举的一些强调词语有分工外，以下词语只用于肯定句，否定句应采用括号中相对应的异根同义词。Some (not…any); too (not…either); so (neither, no more); a long way (not…far); a lot of/plenty of/a great deal of/a good deal of… (not…much of); as…as (not so…as); already still (not yet/ not any more/no more/ no longer…)
1. I have got some. → I haven't got any. 2. I see a great deal of him. → I didn't see much of him.
3. We went a long way. → We didn't go far. 4. I will do so still. → I'll not do so any more.
4) 注意may, must, need, can (could) 在肯定句与否定句中的含义变化，对应关系也会出现交错现象。
A. 表示许可用may (口语中常用can); 表示禁止通常用must not, 有时也用may not 语气较委婉。
"May (Can) I smoke here?" - "Yes, you may (can)." 或"No, you must not." 或 "You may not smoke here."
B. 表示责任、义务或必要时用must, 否定式只能用need not
"Must we hand in our homework today?" - "Yes, you must. No, you needn't."
C. 表示推测指"可能"时，用must; 指"不可能"，"不一定"时用cannot/could not, 有时也用may not, 口气较委婉，意为"也许不"。 That must be a mistake. No, it cannot be a mistake. It must not be a mistake
D. 表示推测也常用may，指"可能";否定式同上。 He may be right/ He cannot be right. He may not be right.
返回：初中英语句型分类知识点详解
初中英语语法：带有否定词的比较句型
乐加乐英语：整理初中英语语法《初中英语语法：带有否定词的比较句型》，供大家学习、交流。
1.no better than：表示“和……一样;实际等于……”，如：
He is no better than a beggar. 他实际上等于一个乞丐。
The invalid is no better than he was yesterday. 病人的'情况和昨天一样。
He has no better a say in the matter than I have. 他和我一样在这件事上没有发言权。
2.not. . . any more than或no more. . . than：表示“同……一样不”，如：
I could no more do that than you. I could not do that any more than you. 你不能做这件事，我也不能做。
He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar. 我不是一个学者，他也不是一个诗人。
This story is no more interesting than that one. 这个故事和那个故事一样没有趣味。
He is no more able to read German than I am. 他和我一样都不懂德语。
3.not so much. . . as：表示“与其……不如……”
He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 他与其说是个作家，不如说是个记者。
Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.
你的解释没有起到启发作用，反而把我们弄糊涂了。
Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋分隔了世界，不如说海洋联结了世界。
I don't so much dislike him as hate him. 我与其说不喜欢他，不如说我恨他。
4.nothing like：表示“没有什么能比得上……”
There is nothing like home. 金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。
There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit. 没有比散步来保持健康更好的了。
There is nothing like leather for shoes. 做鞋用皮革再好没有了。
5.nothing like(或near)as(或so)... as：表示“远远不像……那样”
This novel is nothing near so interesting as that one. 这篇小说远远不及那篇小说有趣。
The book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 这本书远没有我想像的那么难懂。
His analysis of the poem is nothing like as penetrating as yours. 他对这首诗的分析远没有你的分析那样透彻。
6.no less … than：表示“和……一样”
He is no less active than he used to be. 他和从前一样活跃。
His mind is no less alert than yours. 他的思路和你的一样敏捷。
Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill. 我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战斗技能。
英语语法知识点6
英语中有一种特殊的动词，它们没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，我们把这种不能作谓语的动词称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。
14-2 动名词
1.动名词的形式及特征
动名词是非谓语动词的一种，它由动词原形加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。动名词既具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语，并与其一起构成动名词短语，又具有名词、形容词及副词的特征，在句中可作句子的主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等成分，但不能作谓语，因此称动名词为非谓语动词。
2.动名词的用法
(1)作主语
动名词作主语，放在句子的前面，但当动名词短语较长时，为了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放到句子的末尾。如：
Reading makes a man perfect.阅读使人完美。
Finding work is difficult these days.现在找工作很困难。
It's no use waiting for another hour.再等一个小时也没用。
注意：
①it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语的常用句型：
It is a waste of time doing sth ...做……是浪费时间。
It is no good/no use doing ...做……是不好的/没用的。
It is hardly/scarcely worth doing ...做……不值得。
It is worth/worthwhile doing ...做……是值得的。如：
It is no good reading in the sun.在阳光下看书是不好的。
It is useless remembering words only.只记单词是没有用的。
It is a waste of time doing such a thing.做这种事情是浪费时间。
It is worth discussing the problem.讨论这个问题是值得的。
②动名词作主语常用于there be句型。如：
There is no point doing such a silly thing.做这样一件傻事毫无意义。
There is no stopping him.无法阻止他。
③动名词作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如：
Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事。
Nodding the head means agreement.点头意味着同意。
(2)作宾语
动名词作宾语，既可用于及物动词和短语动词后作宾语，也可用于介词后作介词的宾语。如：
He enjoys reading stories.他喜欢读故事。
I dislike playing cards.我不喜欢打牌。
Have you finished reading the book?你看完这本书了吗?
They are practicing singing the new song.他们正在练习唱新歌。
He got down to working as soon as he got to the office.他一进入办公室就开始工作。
He hurried to school without having breakfast.他没吃早饭就匆匆去了学校。
How about going for a picnic?去野餐怎么样?
注意：
①并不是所有的及物动词都可以用动名词作宾语，动名词只能做某些及物动词及短语动词的宾语。
可以用动名词作宾语的动词常用的有：enjoy，finish，spend，mind，keep，practice，stop，admit，advise，allow，avoid，dislike，miss，suggest
可以用动名称作宾语的短语动词有：can't help，give up，keep on，feel like，carry on，put off，insist on，get down to，look forwards to，be/get used to等。
②下列动词或形容词want，require，need，worth后跟动名词作宾语时，主动形式表被动意义。如：
The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。
The house requires repairing at once.这座房子需要马上维修。
③除介词besides，but，except后跟不定式作介词宾语外，其他介词一般都须跟动名词作宾语。如：
You must finish your work before going to the concert.你必须在去听音乐会之前把工作完成。
On seeing her mother，the little girl began to cry out.这个小女孩一看见她的母亲就大哭了起来。
(3)作表语
动名词作表语，有两种情况：①当动名词具有名词性质时，动名词短语说明主语的内容;②当动名词具有形容词性质时，动名词说明主语的性质或特征。如：
His job is teaching English.他的工作是教英语。(说明工作的内容)
His job is interesting.他的工作很有趣。(说明工作的特征)
注意： 当动词-ing的动作是主语所发出时，句子不是系表结构，而是现在进行时。如：
He is teaching Japanese at that school.他在那所学校教日语。(现在进行时)
(4)作宾语补足语
动名词作宾语补足语，放在宾语的后面。如：
I watched them playing volleyball on the playground.我看他们在操场上打排球了。
Don't have your guest standing there.不要让客人站在那里。
注意：
用动名词作宾语补足语的常用动词有：
①表示感觉、知觉的动词：hear，see，watch，notice，feel，look at，listen to等。如：
I heard her singing in the next door.我听见她在隔壁唱歌。
②动词find，get，have，keep，leave，send，suggest等。如：
I found the missing boy playing by the river.我发现那个失踪的男孩在河边玩。
(5)作定语
动名词或动名词短语作定语，有的放在它所修饰的名词之前，有的放在它所修饰的名词之后。
①单个的动名词作定语时，总是位于被修饰的名词之前，说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。如：
China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。
Would you please give me some writing paper?请给一些书写纸好吗?
②动名词后接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时，总是位于所修饰的名词之后，说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。如：
The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei.在教室里学习的那个男孩是李雷。
Don't trouble the dog sleeping over there .不要惹是生非。
(6)作同位语
动名词作同位语，位于同位的名词之后，且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开，表示前面名词的内容。如：
His idea，helping farmers get in their crops，interested us very much.我们对他那帮助农民收割庄稼的.想法很感兴趣。
The goal，making two thousand cars this month，excites the workers.本月生产两千辆小汽车的目标使工人们很兴奋。
(7)作状语
动名词或动名词短语作状语，表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果等。
①作时间状语。如：Having cleaned the house， she went on to help her mother pick apples.把房子打扫后，她又继续帮助母亲摘苹果。
Having had his breakfast，he began to look for work again.吃过早餐后，他又开始去寻找工作。
②作原因状语。如：Not knowing English ，they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America.由于不懂英语，他发现在美国跟人们交流很困难。
Getting up late ，he missed his early train.由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。
③作条件状语。如：Living in a polluted environment ，people may fall ill easily.如果生活在受污染的环境中，人们很容易生病。
Loving others ，you will be loved by others.如果你爱他人，你就会得到他人的爱。
④作让步状语。如：Being at school or at home ，she is a good girl.不管在学校还是在家，她都是个好姑娘。
Talking or acting ，he is very honest.无论说话还是做事，他都很诚实。
⑤作方式状语。如：He went there riding his bike .他骑自行车去的那里。
They make money selling fruits .他们靠卖水果挣钱。
⑥作伴随状语。如：He used to sit there thinking .过去他常坐在那里思考。
He walked along the river singing in a low voice .他一边沿着河边走，一边低声唱着歌儿。
⑦作目的状语。作目的状语的动名词一般是表示所从事活动方面的动词，如：boating，climbing，fishing，hunting，riding，sailing，shopping，shooting，skating，skiing，swimming，walking，washing等。
I often go shopping with mother on Sundays.星期天我常跟妈妈一起去买东西。
Will you please go skating with me this afternoon?今天下午和我一起去滑冰好吗?
⑧作程度状语。动名词作程度状语时，常用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
He was caught in the heavy rain and got his clothes soaking wet.他淋了一场大雨，把衣服全部弄湿了。
He wore his thin coat in freezing cold days and fell ill soon.他在冰冷的天还穿着单薄的大衣，不久就病倒了。
⑨作结果状语。如：He cut down the trees in front of his house，having its roof blown off by strong wind.他把房前的树给砍了，结果大风把房顶刮走了。
He died，leaving his wife and children nothing but great debt.他死了，留给妻子和孩子的只有巨额的负债。
英语语法知识点7
不定冠词
1.不定冠词a，an与one同源，表示微弱的―一‖的概念，但并不强调数目，用来表示不确定的人或事物。 A用在辅音前，而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。 a university in Asia 1.表示同类中的―任何一个‖ A cat has nine lives.
2.表示泛指的某人、某物I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.
3.表示数量的'―一‖ He has a daughter.
4.表示单位数量的‖每一‖ I earn 10 dollars an hour.
5.表示相同的‖ The two birds are of a color.
6.用于集体名词前He grows up in a large family.
7.在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前China has a long history.
二、定冠词的用法1.表示特定的人或物2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。 The sun，the moon，the earth
3.表示地点、方向、时间、方式等at the corner在拐角处
(1)在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。 In spring在春天
(2)具体某年的某个季节，需用冠词。 In the summer of the year20xx
(3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前the first the second
(4)用于形容词前使其名词化the rich the poor
(5)用于复数姓氏前，表示―夫妇‖或全家The Smiths
(6)用于乐器名词前Play the piano
英语语法知识点8
一、七年级英语语法--词法
(一)名词
1.名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：
(1)在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
(2)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
(3)①以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
②以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
(4)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
(5)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
(6)单复数相同(不变的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
(7)一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
(8)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员
(9)合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
(10)有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
(11) 单个字母的'复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
(12) 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
2.名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
(1)单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
(2)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’ Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day妇女节
(3)由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间)，Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
(二)代词
项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
(三)动词
1.第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数复数那样加s，如下：
(1)一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
(2)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
(3)①以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
②以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
(4)以o结尾加es。如：does, goes
(5)特殊的有：are-is, have-has
2.现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：
(1)一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
(2)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
(3)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
(4)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
(四)形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：
(1) 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
(2)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
(3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
(4)特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
(五)数词 (基变序，有规则;一、二、三，自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、七年级英语语法--句式
(一)陈述句
肯定陈述句
1. This is a book. (be动词)
2. He looks very young. (连系动词)
3. I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
4. I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
5. There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句
1. These aren’t their books.
2.They don’t look nice.
3. Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
4. Kate can’t find her doll.
5. There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
(二)祈使句
肯定祈使句
1. Please go and ask the man.
2. Let’s learn English!
3. Come in, please.
否定祈使句
1. Don’t be late.
2. Don’t hurry.
(三)疑问句
1. 一般疑问句
(1)Is Jim a student?
(2) Can I help you?
(3) Does she like salad?
(4) Do they watch TV?
(5) Is she reading?
肯定回答:
(1) Yes, he is.
(2) Yes, you can.
(3) Yes, she does.
(4) Yes, they do.
(5) Yes, she is.
否定回答:
(1) No, he isn’t.
(2) No, you can’t.
(3) No, she doesn’t.
(4) No, they don’t.
(5) No, she isn’t.
2. 选择疑问句
Is the table big or small?
回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3.特殊疑问句
(1) 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
(2) 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
(3) 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
(4) 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
(5) 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
(6) 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
(7) 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
(8) 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
(9) 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
(10) 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
(11) 问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
(12) 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
(13) 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
(14) 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
(15) 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
(16) 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
(17) 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、七年级英语语法--时态
(一)一般现在时
表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：
Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
(二)现在进行时
表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.
They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.
英语语法知识点9
1)代词及be动词
主格 I we you you she/he/it they
宾格 me us you you her/him/it them
代词所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
be动词现在时 Am are are are is are
be动词过去时 was were were were was were
2)名词的复数
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells toy→toys
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches
规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. radio→radios potato→potatoes
规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives half→halves
规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies study→studies
3)动词的第三人称单数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh和o结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
规则3 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies
4)动词现在分词
规则1 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing
规则2 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
规则3 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
5)动词过去式
规则动词变化
规则1 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played
规则2 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived
规则3 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
规则4 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ed stop-stopped
过去式的读音
在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched
在/t/，/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated
6)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
比较级
规则1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
规则2 以e结尾加-r nice-nicer
规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-er busy-busier
规则4 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter
最高级
规则1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
规则2 以e结尾加-st nice-nicest
规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-est busy-busiest
规则4 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加--est fat-fattest
7)常见缩写：
is='s I am=I'm are='re
is not=isn't /iznt/ are not=aren't /a:nt/
do not=don't
does not=doesn't
was='s
did not=didn't
can not=can't
have='ve
has='s
have not=haven't
has not=hasn't
will='ll
will not=won't
shall not=shan't
第二点：将来完成进行时
将来完成进行时
形式
will/shall have been+现在分词用于第一人称，而 will have been+现在分词用于其他人称。
用法
正如将来完成时一样，它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用：
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.
到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。
将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样。即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时：
1. 动作本身就是连续的：
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.
到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。
2. 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作：
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.
到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满20年了。
但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目，或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作，就必须用将来完成时：
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.
到本月底，他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了
第三点：过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，该动作可能刚刚终止，也有可能还在继续。
形式
had been + V-ing形式
用法
1. 过去完成进行时所表示的动作与过去的时间的关系，可以用时间状语来表示，也可以通过上下文来表示。
例如：
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上个月为止，他们在这里工作大约有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她说她放学后一直在听收音机。
2. 过去完成时可以表示一个动作已经结束，但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。
例如：
It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨，街道仍然很湿。
3. 像 work、study、stay、sing、teach等延续性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时，用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻，通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。
例如：
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 当她的同学来看她的时候，她学习有两个小时了。
4. 过去完成进行时与过去进行时的区别：过去进行时主要表示过去某时的一个动作正在进行。例如：
I was writing a letter when she came to see me. 当她来看我时我正在写信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me. 当她来看我的时候，我已经写了两个小时的信了。
5. 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的不同：过去完成时表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
They had just had breakfast when Tom came in. 汤姆来时，他们刚吃过早饭。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in. 汤姆来时，他们已经吃了十分钟的'早饭了。
第四点：现在完成进行时
现在完成进行的形式
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
现在完成进行的功用
1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。
现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以。
现在完成进行时的否定结构
在当代英语中，现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如：
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。
否定句构成：
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词
一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他
第五点：过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时
形式
should / would have done sth.
用法
1、 过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作，并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响。
I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想这会儿你已经走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock. 他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海伦会告诉她一些情况的。
2、 过去将来完成时还常用在虚拟语气中，表示与过去的事实相反。
第六点：过去将来进行时
过去将来进行时：表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，主要用宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中。
基本用法：
用于间接引语：They said they would be coming.(他们说了他们将要来。)
用于定语从句：The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.(他将要接受的新工作是养赛马。 )
作用：
1. 过去将来进行时可以表示在过去某一时间之后即将进行的动作：
例如：He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.(他说他不能来因为要开会。)
2. 过去将来进行时表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动作：它常和表过去将来的时间状语连用，但上下文清楚时，时间状语亦可省略。和将来进行时一样，它也常表计划中的事，不表意愿或打算。它还有一个特点，即常用在宾语从句(尤其是间接引语)中。
例如：John told us that Mary would be coming next day.(约翰告诉我们玛丽第二天来。)
3. 过去将来进行时有时也可用在其它从句中：
用在定语从句中：The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.(他将用的新名是杰克琼斯。)
用在状语从句中：He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.(其余款项，他将在离开法国时付清。)
4. 过去将来进行时也可用在独立句中：
例如：The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.(车子发动了。埃伦詹姆斯要开车到大学去。)
英语语法知识点10
指出句中的副词：
1. You are standing near the camera.. Can you move a little farther? a little修饰副词“farther”表示程度 farther修饰动词“move”表示方式
2. Miss Long usually goes to school by bus. usually修饰动词goes，表示频度、频率
3. The two old passengers fell into the sea. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim. Unfortunately修饰整个句子
4. I won’t go with you. It’s much too hot today. much too修饰形容词，表示程度修饰形容词hot，修饰形容词
【高考副词主要考点】
主要题型：选择填空，完形填空，改错
考点内容：
1. 副词词义辨析
Do you think shopping online will ____________ take the place of shopping in stores?
A.especially B.Frequently C.merely D.finally
解析：especially 特别，尤其;frequently经常;merely仅仅;finally最终
根据语境：你认为网上购物最终会替代商场购物吗?
I wasn’t blaming anyone; I ___________ said errors like this could be avoided.
A. merely B. mostly C. rarely D. nearly
解析：mostly 大部分地，通常地;nearly 几乎=almost;rarely 很少地，几乎不;merely 仅仅，只不过
全句意思：我并没有责怪任何人，我只是说类似这种错误是可以避免的” 说类似这种错误是可以避免的”。
2. 副词短语与习惯用语辨析
It’s high time you had your hair cut; it’s getting .
A. too much long B. much too long C. long too much D. too long much
【解析】too much+不可数名词 much too+形
It was a nice house, but _______ too small for a family of five.
A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty
【解析】rather too 稍微，一点
全句意思：这房子不错，但对于五口之家还是稍微小了点。
It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is______another to play it well yourself.
A. quite B. very C. rather D. much
【解析】quite another 另一回事
全句意思：喜欢听好音乐是一回事，但是自己演奏的好又是另一回事。
3. 某些副词的.位置
We only had $100 and that was _______ to buy a new computer.
A.nowhere near enough B.near enough nowhere C.enough near nowhere D.near nowhere enough
【辨析】enough做副词时，修饰形容词或副词时应该放在被修饰词的后面adj/adv+enough nowhere near是固定短语，意思是“差得远;远不及” ，相当于一个形容词。
英语语法知识点11
名词有单数和复数两种形式
1、名词的单数：表示一个人或一个事物
2、名词的复数：表示一个人以上的人或事物
名词复数的变化规律如下：
1、多数情况下在名词后面加S，s在清辅音后读【S】
2、以s,x,sh,ch为结尾的词在词尾加es, es读作【iz】
3、以f,fe为结尾的词去掉f或fe加ves，ves读作【vz】
4、以辅音加y结尾的词，变y为ies
5、以元音加y结尾的词，直接加s
6、不规则变化
a变成e
Man-men
woman-women
policeman-policemen
Policewoman-policewomen
初中英语语法常用
1)在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2)集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company,committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers.他的'家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3)有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
小学三年级英语语法知识点
1.名词单复数：
英语中名词分可数与不可数名词：
①能用数目来计算的叫可数名词，有单、复数两种形式，复数形式多数是在词尾加“s”如：pens, books;
②不可数名词是无法用数目来计算的名词，如：milk, juice.
2.用情态动词can的用法
①“can’t”是“cannot”的缩写。
She can’t sing. He can’t dance.
② can等情态动词后，用动词原形
She can dance.
He can swim.
英语语法知识点12
表叮嘱
典型例句
Fasten your seat belt. 系好安全带。
Be sure to get here before nine. 千万要在九点以前到。
Stay in bed for a couple of days. 卧床休息几天。
Take care of yourselves. 你们要注意身体啊！
Look over what you’ve written before handing it to the examiner. 先把你写的看一遍，再交给考官。
Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways， or you might be knocked down. 过马路要非常小心，要看两边，不然会被车撞倒。
表建议
典型例句
Get your hair cut！ 你去理发吧！
Get your eyes tested！ 你去检查一下你的眼睛吧！
Ask Jake， not his wife. 去问杰克，不要问他妻子。
Come early， but not before six. 早点来，但别在6点以前。
Go off for the weekend， why don’t you？ 去度周末，好吗？
Have a bath and a rest and you’ll feel better. 洗个澡，休息一下，你就会觉得好些。
Cancel the match if it rains. If it rains， cancel the match. 如果下雨，就取消比赛吧。
Take a taxi， otherwise you’ll miss your train. 你如不叫出租汽车，你就会误掉火车的。
You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week！ 你来试试每周5天教40个吵闹的`孩子！
注：以let’s开头的祈使句通常表示建议。如：
Let’s go to the cinema tonight. 今晚咱们去看电影。
Let’s get down to work. 咱们干起来吧
表命令
典型例句
Hands off！ 不要摸！
Go there right away. 马上去那儿。
Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。
Stand over there. 站到那边去。
Drop that gun， or I’ll shoot you. 放下枪，不然我就打死你。
表请求
典型例句
Give me a hand， will you？ 帮我一个忙，好吗？
Please help me for a few minutes. 请帮我几分钟。
Please remember me to Mr. Smith. 请帮我向史密斯先生致意。
Do forgive me I didn’t mean to be rude. 务请原谅，我无心对你粗鲁无礼。
Be an angel and fetch me my slippers please. 请行行好，把我的拖鞋拿来。
Please don’t telephone before 8 a. m. 早8点以前请不要打电话。
Hand me the hammer， will you？ 把锤子递给我好吗？
Do be quiet， for God’s sake！ 看在上帝的份上，安静一会儿吧！
Give me some bread as well， please. 请你也给我一点儿面包吧。
Bring the fruit up to the dining room， will you？ 把水果送到楼上餐厅里来好吗？
I’ll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one. 我要试穿几件衬衣，请把那件白色的递给我
英语语法知识点13
一、词类、句子成分和构词法：
1、词类：英语词类分十种：
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：()
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、转换法：
(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
二、名词：
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的.名词。如：water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格：
1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加?s。如：Childern‘s Day(儿童节), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加?。如：Teachers‘ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加‘s. 如： newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(诊所) ② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father‘s(我
父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词
用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复
数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.
(这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。 baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,
谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如： required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a . (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名 词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What‘(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league (联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They (汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
三、代词：
1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他！)
2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teach your English this year？(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)
3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：--Who is it?(是谁？) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如： .(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？) –.(你和我)
5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)—It‘s fine.(天气晴好) / --What‘s the time?(几点啦？) –It‘s 12：00.(12点) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / Your .(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)
3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)
[试比较] .(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)
2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)
英语语法知识点14
1. As a matter of fact事实上,其实?
As a matter of fact, I know nothing about the constructions of the information p roducts.?
其实我对这些信息产品的构造一无所知
2. As a result结果,终于,因此?
She studied hard. As a result, she made fast progress in the studies.?
她学习用功。因此她在学习方面进步很快
3. As a result(或consequence)of…?
作为……结果,由于……结果?
As a result of its rise in temperature the gas expands.由于温度上升,气体就膨胀
4. as a rule作为一个常规,通常,习以为常?
As a rule, we keep records on all the experiments so that we may have enough dat a.我们通常总是对所有的实验都作记录,以便得到足够的'资料
5. As a whole作为一个整体(来看)?
We should analyze the problem as a whole.我们应该把这个问题作为一个整体来分析。(状语)?
6. As above如上?
It has been explained as above.?
这件事已在上面解释过了
7. as…as ever像往常一样……?
She works as hard as ever.她工作一贯努力
8. as…as possible尽可能地……?
as soon as possible尽可能早?
as big as possible尽可能大,越大越好?
as carefully as possible越仔细越好?
as far as possible尽可能,尽力?
9. as before依旧?
He gave the same answer as before(或as ever).?
他依然作了相同的答复
10. as early as…早在……?
As early as 1949,he suggested that plan.?
早在1949年他就提出了那个计划
11. As (或so) far as we know.就我们所知。
英语语法知识点15
关于既to又ing英语短语
(1) remember to do sth.记住去做某事,表示这件事情还没有做
remember doing sth.记得做过某事
(2) forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事。 (已做)
(3) regret to do sth.遗憾地(要)做某事(还未做呢)
regret doing sth.后悔做过某事(已经做过了)
(4) try to do sth.努力做谋事,尽力做某事，但不一定成功
try doing sth.试图做谋事
(5) stop to do表示停止现在在做的事情，开始做另外一件事情
stop doing表示停止现在在做的事情
(5) mean to do sth.计划做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
(6) can’t help to do sth.不能协助做某
can’t help doing sth.禁不住做某事
(7) go on to do sth.做了一件事后,接着做另一件事
go on doing sth.继续做原来做的事
短语ing结构英语
consider doing sth.思索做某事
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事
escape doing sth.逃脱做某事
finish doing sth.完成做某事
give up doing sth.保持做某事
imagine doing sth.想象做某事
mind doing sth.介意做某事
practice doing sth.练习做某事
prevent doing sth.阻止做某事
put off doing sth.推延做某事
risk doing sth.冒险做某事
forbid doing sth.制止做某事
forgive doing sth.原谅做某事
英语To do结构题短语
ask sb. to do sth.请(叫)某人做某事
tell sb to do sth
help sb ( to) do sth.协助做某事
want sb to do sth.想要做某事
wish sb to do sth.希望做某事
invite sb. to do sth.约请某人做某事
drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth.希冀某人做某事
forbid sb. to do sth.制止某人做某事
force sb. to do sth.某人做某事
hope to do sth.希望做某事
offer to do sth.自动提出做某事
plan to do sth. 方案做某事
prepare to do sth.预备做某事
pretend to do sth.伪装做某事
promise to do sth.容许做某事
refuse to do sth.回绝做某事
fail to do sth.未能做某事
happen to do sth.碰巧做某事
need sb to do sth
need doing =need to be done
advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事
advise doing sth.建议做某事
allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事
allow doing sth
介词by的用法
1、意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。
Some are singing and dancing under a big tree。 Some are drawing by the lake。
有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。
2、意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。
Your son will be all right by supper time。
你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?
到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?
3、表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing。
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。
The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph。
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。
4、表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。
One by one they went past the table in the dark。
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。
5、表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。
What time is it by your watch?
你的表几点了?
6、和take，hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。
I took him by the hand。
我拉住了他的手。
7、用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。
English is spoken by many people。
英语被许多人说。(即“许多人讲英语。”)
动名词doing
动名词相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1、作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North。
南方与北方开战了。
2、作宾语
Would you mind turning down your radio a little，please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?
3、作表语
Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。
保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
4、做定语
a washing machine一台洗衣机
used to的用法
used to意为过去常常做某事。
1、肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to…。
When I was a child，I didn’t use to like apples。
当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果。
疑问形式是Did you use to…?
Where did you use to live before you came here?
当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?
2、含有used to的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t +主语，而用didn’t +主语。
——He used to smoke，didn’t he?
——他过去常常吸烟，是吗?
Yes，he did。/ No，he didn’t。
是的，他吸。/不，他不吸。
被动语态
被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化。被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。
1、各种时态的被动语态结构如下：
一般现在时的被动语态：
主语+am / is / are (not)+过去分词
一般过去时的被动语态：
主语+was / were +过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态：
主语+have / has +been +过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态：
主语+will +be +过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态：
主语+would / should + be +过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态：
主语+was / were + being +过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态：
主语+had + been +过去分词
情态动词的被动语态：
情态动词+be+过去分词
2、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by+动作执行者短语。
Football is played widely all over the world。
全世界都广泛地踢足球。
(2)强调动作的承受者。
The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon。
昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
(3)作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型。
It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA。
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
3、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的步骤
(1)把原句中的宾语变为主语
(2)动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词
(3)原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面;如果没必要，可省略。
虚拟语气
如果我们所说的不是事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟(非真实)条件句中，才用虚拟语气;而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
(1)If it is sunny tomorrow，we’ll go to the zoo。
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。
在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句，在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
(2)If I were you，I would go at once。
如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。
在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示。
虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反，从句用一般过时，主句用“should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
例如：
If I had time，I would go for a walk。
If I were invited，I would go to the dinner party。
If I won a million dollars in the lottery，I would put it in the bank。
If I were you，I’d wear a shirt and tie。
注意：在虚拟语气的句子中，be动词只能用were，不能用was。
must/might/could/can
1、must
(1)must表示主观看法，意为“必须”。
如：
You must stay here until I come back。
Must I hand in my homework right now?
对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to 。
如：
—Must I finish my homework?
—No，you needn’t。
(2)must也可以表示有把握的推测，意为“一定，肯定”，用于肯定句。
如：
The light is on，so he must be at home now。
其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止，不许”。
如：
You mustn’t play with fire。
You mustn’t be late。
2、could
(1)can的过去式，意为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。
如：
He could write poems when he was 10。
(2)could在疑问句中，表示委婉请求的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。
如：
Could you do me a favour?
—Could I use your pen?
—Yes，you can。(注意回答)
3、might
might为may的过去式。might表示推测时，表示可能性低于may(此时might没有过去式的意思)，当请求讲时，比may的语气更委婉。
He is away from school。 He might be sick。
Might I use your dictionary?
4、can
(1)表示能力，一般译为“能、会”，尤其指生来具备的能力。
如：She can swim fast，but I can’t 。
(2)表示许可，常在口语中。
如：You can use my dictionary。
(3)表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时can’t译为“不可能”。
如：—Can the news be true?
—No，it can’t be our teacher。 He is on a visit to the Great Wall。
定语从句
1、定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的.后面。
2、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
3、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
4、关系代词的用法
(1)that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。
例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle。
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue。
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
(2)which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。
例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket。
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful。
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
(3)who，whom用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。
例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England。
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
5、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。
例如：
This was the time when he arrived。
这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。
例如：
This is place where he works。
这是他工作的地点。
(3)why指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。
例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school。
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
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